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Die USA - Terra incognita für die meisten Europäer im frühen und mittleren 19. Jahrhundert - spielten als Modell staatswissenschaftlichen, verfassungsrechtlichen und politischen Denkens bei den Vertretern und Verteidigern der monarchischen Herrschaft und ihres Machtgefüges genauso wie bei den Anführern und Anhängern gemäßigter und radikaler Reform-, Oppositions- und Widerstandsbewegungen, aber auch an deutschen Universitäten und Akademien, in literarischen und philosophischen Zirkeln, in Unternehmer- und Verlegerkreisen, Künstlerbünden und der medialen Öffentlichkeit eine zentrale Rolle. Zugleich stellte die Neue Welt ein Sehnsuchtsziel für Freiheitsliebende, politische Flüchtlinge, Auswanderungswillige und Wirtschaftsmigranten, aber auch bisweilen die gefürchtete Endstation für verbannte Gefangene dar: Das Spektrum der Funktionen, Aufgaben, Bilder und Vorstellungen ist breit, das die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika in der Wahrnehmung der Zeitgenossen im Vor- und Nachmärz einnahmen und das ihnen zugeschrieben wurde - nicht zuletzt auch in der (Emigrations-)Literatur.
The azimuthal (Δφ) correlation distributions between heavy-flavor decay electrons and associated charged particles are measured in pp and p−Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV. Results are reported for electrons with transverse momentum 4<pT<16 GeV/c and pseudorapidity |η|<0.6. The associated charged particles are selected with transverse momentum 1<pT<7 GeV/c, and relative pseudorapidity separation with the leading electron |Δη|<1. The correlation measurements are performed to study and characterize the fragmentation and hadronization of heavy quarks. The correlation structures are fitted with a constant and two von Mises functions to obtain the baseline and the near- and away-side peaks, respectively. The results from p−Pb collisions are compared with those from pp collisions to study the effects of cold nuclear matter. In the measured trigger electron and associated particle kinematic regions, the two collision systems give consistent results. The Δφ distribution and the peak observables in pp and p−Pb collisions are compared with calculations from various Monte Carlo event generators.
A newly developed observable for correlations between symmetry planes, which characterize the direction of the anisotropic emission of produced particles, is measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV with ALICE. This so-called Gaussian Estimator allows for the first time the study of these quantities without the influence of correlations between different flow amplitudes. The centrality dependence of various correlations between two, three and four symmetry planes is presented. The ordering of magnitude between these symmetry plane correlations is discussed and the results of the Gaussian Estimator are compared with measurements of previously used estimators. The results utilizing the new estimator lead to significantly smaller correlations than reported by studies using the Scalar Product method. Furthermore, the obtained symmetry plane correlations are compared to state-of-the-art hydrodynamic model calculations for the evolution of heavy-ion collisions. While the model predictions provide a qualitative description of the data, quantitative agreement is not always observed, particularly for correlators with significant non-linear response of the medium to initial state anisotropies of the collision system. As these results provide unique and independent information, their usage in future Bayesian analysis can further constrain our knowledge on the properties of the QCD matter produced in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions.