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The author presents the concept of testimony in two different literary and theoretical backgrounds, namely the German and the Spanish-American. Testimonio and Zeugnis an not be mutually translated because the first is thought as a literary gender inside the literary tradition of mimesis/imitatio. Whereas the notion of Zeugnis was created in Germany on the grounds of Shoah literature, and was strongly impregnated by the psychoanalytical idea of trauma, and by the awareness of the simultaneous necessity and impossibility of the testimonial writing.
Mit seiner Bascombe-Trilogie, deren mutmaßlich abschließender Teil vor kurzem erschienen ist und von weiten Teilen der Kritik, national wie international, hymnisch bejubelt wurde, hat Richard Ford für ein wahres Ereignis in der erzählenden Literatur um das Jahr 2000 gesorgt. Um die Bedeutsamkeit der drei Romane "The Sportswriter" (1986), "Independence Day" (1995) und "The Lay of the Land" (2006) herauszustreichen, hat man sie immer wieder mit einem anderen berühmten Romanzyklus der amerikanischen Literatur verglichen, mit John Updikes vier "Rabbit"-Romanen (erschienen in den Jahren 1960 bis 1990). Liefert Updike ein Sittenbild Amerikas von der Eisenhower-Ära bis zur Präsidentschaft von Bush sen., so Ford eines der achtziger und neunziger Jahre. Darüber hinaus könnte man Fords drei Bascombe-Romane auch mit anderen Zeit- und Gesellschaftsromanen neueren Datums in Zusammenhang bringen, etwa mit jenen von Philip Roth und Jonathan Franzen. Und man könnte noch weiter ausholen: Im Grunde steht Ford in der Tradition der großen Realisten des 19. Jahrhunderts und ihrer Gesellschaftsromane. Wie sie porträtiert er anhand einer fiktiven Handlung und eines fiktiven Figurenarsenals den "zeitgeist" einer gegebenen Epoche. Die Bascombe-Romane stellen geradezu ein Paradebeispiel dafür dar, was Erich Auerbach in seinem Mimesis-Buch zu einem zentralen Kriterium für literarischen Realismus erklärt hat: die Bewegtheit des politisch-gesellschaftlichen Hintergrundes, die in und zwischen den Zeilen zu spüren sein müsse.
E fez-se a luz : contribuições do medium fotográfico para a instauração do realismo literário
(2009)
The nineteenth century was the scene of deep changes in several areas of society: art, industry, science and others. Officially emerged in 1839, the photographic medium was received, discussed and practiced by many of these areas. This article deals with the arisal and the first receptions of photography in the artistic sphere, considering the shock between painting x photography, the discussion about visible reality and its forms of representation in art. It is also briefly discussed the artistic and social context in which the first realistic publications appeared, the importance of photography in these texts, how they were received in Germany and the fundamental differences between French and German literary realism. Thus, it is intended to point the emergence of the photographic medium as one of the aspects which - through the theoretical and conceptual reconfigurations which have taken place in art - contributed to the establishment of the realistic movement in painting and literature.
In this contribution we try to probe the generic chronotope of realism, which, judging from its astonishing productivity in the nineteenth century and the profound impact it has had on literary evolution and theory ever since, can be designated nothing less than a hallmark in the general history of narrative. Although we are primarily concerned with the description of the principles of construction underlying the realistic, “documentary”, chronotope, we would also like to touch upon some of its rather evident, but still somewhat under-discussed similarities with the genre of historiography. For, despite an abundance of what could be called “touches of realism” in a plethora of literary texts and genres (both narrative and poetic) since the very beginnings of literary history itself, the direct germs of realism as it developed into a particular narrative genre or generic chronotope during the nineteenth century may well be situated in “prescientific” historiographical works such as those of Gibbon or Michelet.