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Synthesis and SAR of the antistaphylococcal natural product nematophin from Xenorhabdus nematophila
(2019)
The repeated and improper use of antibiotics had led to an increased number of multiresistant bacteria. Therefore, new lead structures are needed. Here, the synthesis and an expanded structure–activity relationship of the simple and antistaphylococcal amide nematophin from Xenorhabdus nematophila and synthetic derivatives are described. Moreover, the synthesis of intrinsic fluorescent derivatives, incorporating azaindole moieties was achieved for the first time.
A 48 year old patient with dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic acne inversa underwent implantation of a LVAD system (Heartmate II, Thoratec, USA) March 2011. During 2011 and 2012 the patient was repeatedly readmitted for treatment of driveline infection with MRSA. Colonization was controlled with Linezolid and Rifampicin however reoccurred after discontinuation. In August 2012 the LVAD-system was exchanged due to pump dysfunction (HVAD, HeartWare Inc., USA). Postoperatively, the patient presented with ascites which secreted through the driveline exit. Consequently, the abdominal wall was surgically corrected to prevent exit of peritoneal fluid through the driveline, and the patient was discharged with sterile wound swabs. However 6 weeks after discharge the driveline exit wound started secreting pus showing abundant growth of multi resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). With clinical signs of increasing liver failure with regular need for paracentesis, and clinical signs of local infection, a CT scan of the abdomen was performed revealing an enrichment of contrast medium along the driveline and an abscess-like formation on the abdominal wall. Patient was admitted receiving regular dose Daptomycin and Rifampicin. The latter was discontinued after ten days. The abscess, surrounding driveline exit and abdominal wall cavity was excised and vacuum treatment initiated. Total duration of Daptomycin therapy was 3 weeks. While first week skin and wound swabs were still positive for MRSA, all samples were sterile after the second week. Inflammation was monitored by leucocyte count and IL6. The secretion of pus along the driveline ceased, the wound cavity was closed subsequently. After discharge and stop of antibiotics skin and driveline swabs remained negative for MRSA (10 weeks).
Intestinal carriage of multidrug-resistant bacteria among healthcare professionals in Germany
(2017)
Healthcare professionals (HCP) might be at increased risk of acquisition of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB), i.e., methillicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria (MDRGN) and could be an unidentified source of MDRB transmission.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence as well as risk factors of MDRB colonization among HCP.
HCP (n=107) taking part in an antibiotic stewardship program, were voluntarily recruited to perform a rectal swab and to fill in a questionnaire to identify risk factors of MDRB carriage, i.e. being physician, gender, travel abroad within the previous 12 months, vegetarianism, regular consumption of raw meat, contact to domestic animals, household members with contact to livestock, work or fellowship abroad, as well as medical treatment abroad and antibiotic therapy within the previous 12 months.
Selective solid media were used to determine the colonization rate with MRSA, VRE and MDRGN. MDRGN were further characterized by molecular analysis of underlying β-lactamases.
None of the participants had an intestinal colonization with MRSA or VRE. 3.7% of the participants were colonized with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, predominantly blaCTX-M type. Neither additional flouroquinolone resistance nor carbapenem resistance was detected in any of these isolates. No risk factors were identified to have a significant impact of MDRB carriage among HCP.
A colonization rate of 3.7% with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae is of interest, but comparing it to previously published data with similar colonization rates in the healthy population in the same geographic area, it is probably less an occupational risk.
Background: Guidelines for the control of hospital-acquired MRSA include decolonization measures to end MRSA carrier status in colonized and infected patients. Successful decolonization typically requires up to 22 days of treatment, which is longer than the average hospital length of stay (LOS). Incomplete decolonization is therefore common, with long-term MRSA carriage as a consequence. To overcome this, we developed an integrated MRSA Management (IMM) by extending MRSA decolonization to the outpatient and domestic setting. The protocol makes use of polyhexanide-based products, in view of reported qac-mediated resistance to chlorhexidine in S. aureus and MRSA.
Methods: This is a prospective, single centre, controlled, non-randomized, open-label study to evaluate the efficiency of the IMM concept. The outcome of guideline-approved decolonization during hospital stay only (control group; n = 201) was compared to the outcome following IMM treatment whereby decolonization was continued after discharge in the domestic setting or in a long-term care facility (study group; n = 99). As a secondary outcome, the effect of MRSA-status of skin alterations was assessed.
Results: The overall decolonization rate was 47 % in the IMM patient group compared to 12 % in the control group (p < 0.01). The continued treatment after hospital discharge was as effective as treatment completed during hospitalization, with microbiologically-confirmed decolonization (patients with completed regimes only) obtained with 55 % for the IMM group and 43 % for the control group (p > 0.05). For patients with skin alterations (e.g. wounds and entry sites), decolonization success was 50 % if the skin alterations were MRSA-negative at baseline, compared to 22 % success for patients entering the study with MRSA-positive skin alterations (p < 0.01).
Conclusions: The IMM strategy offers an MRSA decolonization protocol that is feasible in the domestic setting and is equally effective compared with inpatient decolonization treatment when hospital LOS is long enough to complete the treatment. Moreover, for patients with average LOS, decolonization rates obtained with IMM are significantly higher than for in-hospital treatment. IMM is a promising concept to improve decolonization rates of MRSA-carriers for patients who leave the hospital before decolonization is completed.
Der Methicillin-resistente Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ist ein fakultativ pathogenes Bakterium. Weltweit nehmen Besiedlung und Infektion mit MRSA seit Jahren zu. In Krankenhäusern ist die Prävalenz sehr gut dokumentiert, während in anderen medizinischen Bereichen die Datenlage unzureichend ist. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die Prävalenz in Alten- und Pflegeheimen und einer Geriatrischen Klinik sowie erstmals in der ambulanten Pflege im Raum Frankfurt am Main zu ermitteln. Außerdem sollen Risikofaktoren für die Besiedlung mit MRSA erkannt sowie die Hygieneempfehlungen für ambulante Pflegebereiche erarbeitet werden. Teilnehmer: Im Zeitraum September 2000 bis April 2001 wurden insgesamt 754 Teilnehmer (596 Patienten und 158 Angehörige des Personals) von 10 ambulanten Pflegediensten, 5 Alten- und Pflegeheimen und einer geriatrischen Rehabilitationsklinik auf eine Kolonisation / Infektion mit MRSA untersucht. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurde bei 15 Teilnehmern (14 Patienten + 1 Mitglied des Personals) eine Besiedlung mit MRSA festgestellt. Die Gesamtprävalenz lag in der Patientengruppe bei 2,35%. In der ambulanten Pflege lag die Prävalenz bei 2,70%, in den Altenheimen bei 0,3% und in der Geriatrie bei 8,70%. Die genotypische Charakterisierung der MRSA-Isolate mit Hilfe der Pulsfeld-Gel-Elektrophorese (PFGE) verdeutlichte die Dominanz des „Süddeutschen Epidemiestammes“. In dieser Studie wurden verschiedene Risikofaktoren für die Kolonisation / Infektion signifikant nachgewiesen. Dazu gehören Tracheostomata (OR: 44,69, CI: 8,39 - 237,98), PEG-Sonden (OR: 6,94, CI: 2,16 - 22,32), Blasen-Dauerkatheterisierung (OR: 6,96, CI: 2,59 - 18,73), eine positive MRSA-Anamnese (OR: 24,32; CI: 10,23 –57,77) und Krankenhausaufenthalte in den vergangenen zwei Jahren (OR: 17,63, CI: 3,94 – 78,82). Diskussion: Die Gesamt-Prävalenz in der Patientengruppe liegt im bundesdeutschen Durchschnitt für Altenheime. Die Prävalenz in der ambulanten Pflege ist ähnlich hoch wie in den Altenheimen. Durch die PFGE konnte gezeigt werden, dass es zu keiner epidemischen Streuung eines MRSA-Genotyps in der Geriatrie gekommen ist, sondern verschiedene, jedoch klonal eng verwandte Stämme auftraten. Bei drei Fällen in der Geriatrie kann eine Übertragung von MRSA von Patient zu Patient vermutet werden. In Frankfurt am Main herrscht der „Süddeutsche Epidemiestamm“ vor. Hygieneempfehlungen müssen nicht verschärft, sondern konsequent eingehalten werden. Nur Pflegepersonal mit hohem Ausbildungsniveau und praktisch geschulte pflegende Angehörige sind in der Lage die Kolonisation / Infektion von MRSA noch konsequenter zu verhindern.