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Throughout history, songs have been considered effective instruments to strengthen the formation of collective identities. Eighteenth-century Dutch songwriters engaged with this idea in their striving for national unity. Political songs from that period employ several tropes, and the music often reinforces such images through musical imagery and intertextual references. Moreover, the imagined identities voiced in the songs might have become embodied identities through the performative act of singing. Therefore, for an investigation of the construction of collective identities in songs, the imagological approach can be expanded to musical imagery and take into account cognitive theories explaining the effects of singing.
Relevés of the rare species Apium repens and Scirpus cariciformis were tabulated and syntaxonomically interpreted. From the presented table and from the data by FUKAREK & VOIGTLANDER (1982) can be concluded that both species occur in two communities of the alliance Lolio-Potentillion anserinae viz. the Nasturtio-Alopecuretum geniculati Sykora 1982, the Triglochino-Agrostietum stoloniferae Konckzak 1968, and in related fragmentary communities. Besides S. cariciformis grows in the Agrostio-Trifolietum fragiferi Sykora 1982.
Apium repens is considered to be a character-species of the association group with Eleocharis palustris ssp. uniglumis to which the above mentioned associations belong, while Scirpus cariciformis can be seen as a differential species of this association group. S. cariciformis occurs in the Parvocaricetea too, sometimes with a high presence class, e.g. in the Caricetum davallianae typicum (presence class III) and in the subass. blysmetosum compressi (IV). For the present, therefore, we do not consider it to be a character-species of any of the Lolio-Potentillion communities, nor of the alliance itself. To our opinion the Blysmo-Juncetum compressi Br.-Bl. 1918 ex Libb. 1932 can hardly be characterized as a separate unit and should therefore be rejected.
With the help of ordination diagrams made by reciprocal averaging and with the use of indicator values as given by ELLENBERG (1979) the relation was illustrated between on the one hand the relevés and the composing species and on the other hand the main environmental factors, i.e. salt and nutrient content, moisture degree and acidity of the soil.
The general decline of both species can be understood as the consequence of their specific hydrological requirements, viz. their dependence on a shallow flood during winter and spring, followed by a retreat of the surface water and a groundwater level remaining close to the surface during the summer. Their disappearance from mesotraphent grasslands is accelerated by the increase in the eutrophication mainly by modern agricultural practices.
All-over in Europe, unemployment became a growing problem from the mid 1980s to the mid 1990s. Nevertheless, the effects on the economical situation of the unemployed and the whole population are quite different in European countries. In this paper we first give a brief overview over the development of unemployment rates in eight member states of the European Union and over the different reactions to provide the social protection of the unemployed. Therefore we look at the social security expenditures, the level of income replacement for the unemployed and recent social policy reforms concerning them. In the second section of the paper, we examine the development of income distribution and poverty taking different poverty lines into consideration. There is no general pattern neither for the relationship of inequality among the unemployed to the whole economically active population nor for the development from the 80s to the 90s. But one can say that in countries with increasing income inequality also poverty is rising (especially in the UK) and that where inequality among the unemployed is less pronounced the proportions of the poor went down from the mid 80s to the mid 90s (France and Ireland). In nearly all countries the risk of being poor is ernormously high for the unemployed, Denmark is the only exception.
Until the late 1980s, asset securitisation was an US-American finance technique. Meanwhile this technique has been used also in some European countries, although to a much lesser extent. While some of them have adopted or developed their legal and regulatory framework, others remain on earlier stages. That may be because of the lack of economic incentives, but also because of remaining regulatory or legal impediments. The following overview deals with the legal and regulatory environment in five selected European countries. It is structured as follows: First, this finance technique will be described in outline to the benefit of the reader who might not be familiar with it. A further part will report the recent development and the underlying economic reasons that drive this development. The main part will then deal with international aspects and give an overview of some legal and regulatory issues in five European legislations. Tax and accounting questions are, however, excluded. Concluding remarks follow.