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We examined temporal introduction patterns of 132 invasive alien plant species (IAPS) to Australia since European colonisation in 1770. Introductions of IAPS were high during 1810–1820 (10 species), 1840– 1880 (51 species, 38 of these between 1840 and 1860) and 1930–1940 (9 species). Conspicuously few introductions occurred during 10-year periods directly preceding each introduction peak. Peaks during early European settlement (1810–1820) and human range expansion across the continent (1840-1860) both coincided with considerable growth in Australia’s human population. We suggest that population growth during these times increased the likelihood of introduced plant species becoming invasive as a result of increased colonization and propagule pressure. Deliberate introductions of IAPS (104 species) far outnumbered accidental introductions (28 species) and were particularly prominent during early settlement. Cosmopolitan IAPS (25 species) and those native solely to South America (53 species), Africa (27 species) and Asia (19 species) have been introduced deliberately and accidentally to Australia across a broad period of time. A small number of IAPS, native solely to Europe (5 species) and North America (2 species), were all introduced to Australia prior to 1880. These contrasting findings for native range suggest some role for habitat matching, with similar environmental conditions in Australia potentially driving the proliferation of IAPS native to southern-hemisphere regions. Shrub, tree and vine species dominated IAPS introduced prior to 1840, with no grasses or forbs introduced during early colonisation. Since 1840, all five growth forms have been introduced deliberately and accidentally in relatively large numbers across a broad period of time. In particular, a large number of grass and forb IAPS were deliberately introduced between 1840 and 1860, most likely a direct result of the introduction of legislation promoting intensive agriculture across large areas of the continent. Since the 1980s, only three IAPS have been introduced (all deliberately introduced forbs). The decline in IAPS introductions is most likely a reflection of both increased surveillance and biosecurity efforts and the likelihood that many potential IAPS are still within a pre-expansion lag period.
In der Stadt Basel (Schweiz) wurden die Abundanzen und die Verbreitung von 23 Neophyten erfasst. Die kartierten Arten sind: Ailanthus altissima, Buddleja davidii, Bunias orientalis, Conyza canadensis, Corydalis lutea, Cymbalaria muralis, Erigeron annuus s.L, Geranium pyrenaicum, Geranium robertianum ssp. purpureum, Heracleum mantegazzianum, Impatiens glandulifera, I. parviflora, Mahonia aquifolium, Matricaria discoidea, Prunus laurocerasus, Reynoutria japonica, Rhus typhina, Robinia pseudoacacia, Solidago canadensis, S. gigantea, Syringa vulgaris, Veronica filiformis und V. persica. In 61 Quadraten à 500 x 500 m wurden die fünf größten subspontanen und spontanen Bestände der 23 Arten erfasst. Zusätzlich wurden an den Fundorten die Art des Wuchsortes und das Substrat im botanischen Sinn bestimmt. Sehr zahlreich vorkommende Arten mit weiter Verbreitung sind in Basel Conyza canadensis, Erigeron annuus s.l., Mahonia aquifolium und Solidago canadensis, während Bunias orientalis, Heracleum mantegazzianum, Reynoutria japonica und Rhus typhina nur vereinzelt Vorkommen und spärlich verbreitet sind. Für jede Art werden die spezifischen Wuchsorte und Substrate beschrieben und diskutiert.
The aim of our study is to provide an integrated framework for the management of alien plant invasions, combining insights and experiences from the fields of invasion and restoration ecology to enable more effective management of invasive species. To determine linkages between the scientific outputs of the two disciplines we used an existing data base on restoration studies between 2000 and 2008 and did a bibliometric analysis. We identified the type of restoration applied, determined by the aim of the study, and conducted a content analysis on 208 selected studies with a link to biological invasions (invasion-restoration studies). We found a total of 1075 articles on ecosystem restoration, with only eight percent of the studies having the main objective to control alien invasions. The content analysis of 208 invasion-restoration studies showed that the majority of the studies focused on causes of degradation other than alien invasions. If invaders were referred to as the main driver of degradation, the prevalent cause for degradation was invaders outcompeting and replacing native species. Mechanical control of alien plant invasions was by far the most common control method used. Measures that went beyond the removal of alien plants were implemented in sixty-five percent of the studies. Although invasion control was not as common as other types of restoration, a closer look at the sub-group of invasion-restoration studies shows a clear link between restoration and invasion ecology. Concerns, as identified in the literature review, are firstly that restoration activities mostly focus on controlling the invader while other underlying causes for degradation are neglected, and secondly that the current approach of dealing with alien invasions lacks a combination of theoretical and practical aspects. We suggest that closer collaboration between invasion and restoration ecologists can help to improve the management of alien plant invasions. We conclude with a framework and a case study from Perth Western Australia integrating the two disciplines, with the aim of informing restoration practice.