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Simple Summary: Targeted therapies are of growing interest to physicians in cancer treatment. These drugs target specific genes and proteins involved in the growth and survival of cancer cells. Brain tumor therapy is complicated by the fact that not all drugs can penetrate the blood brain barrier and reach their target. We explored the non-invasive method, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, for monitoring drug penetration and its effects in live animals bearing brain tumors. We were able to show the presence of the investigated drug in mouse brains and its on-target activity.
Abstract: Background: BAY1436032 is a fluorine-containing inhibitor of the R132X-mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (mIDH1). It inhibits the mIDH1-mediated production of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) in glioma cells. We investigated brain penetration of BAY1436032 and its effects using 1H/19F-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). Methods: 19F-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy was conducted on serum samples from patients treated with BAY1436032 (NCT02746081 trial) in order to analyze 19F spectroscopic signal patterns and concentration-time dynamics of protein-bound inhibitor to facilitate their identification in vivo MRS experiments. Hereafter, 30 mice were implanted with three glioma cell lines (LNT-229, LNT-229 IDH1-R132H, GL261). Mice bearing the IDH-mutated glioma cells received 5 days of treatment with BAY1436032 between baseline and follow-up 1H/19F-MRS scan. All other animals underwent a single scan after BAY1436032 administration. Mouse brains were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: Evaluation of 1H-MRS data showed a decrease in 2-HG/total creatinine (tCr) ratios from the baseline to post-treatment scans in the mIDH1 murine model. Whole brain concentration of BAY1436032, as determined by 19F-MRS, was similar to total brain tissue concentration determined by Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with a signal loss due to protein binding. Intratumoral drug concentration, as determined by LC-MS/MS, was not statistically different in models with or without R132X-mutant IDH1 expression. Conclusions: Non-invasive monitoring of mIDH1 inhibition by BAY1436032 in mIDH1 gliomas is feasible.
Purpose: Artificial intelligence (AI) has accelerated novel discoveries across multiple disciplines including medicine. Clinical medicine suffers from a lack of AI-based applications, potentially due to lack of awareness of AI methodology. Future collaboration between computer scientists and clinicians is critical to maximize the benefits of transformative technology in this field for patients. To illustrate, we describe AI-based advances in the diagnosis and management of gliomas, the most common primary central nervous system (CNS) malignancy.
Methods: Presented is a succinct description of foundational concepts of AI approaches and their relevance to clinical medicine, geared toward clinicians without computer science backgrounds. We also review novel AI approaches in the diagnosis and management of glioma.
Results: Novel AI approaches in gliomas have been developed to predict the grading and genomics from imaging, automate the diagnosis from histopathology, and provide insight into prognosis.
Conclusion: Novel AI approaches offer acceptable performance in gliomas. Further investigation is necessary to improve the methodology and determine the full clinical utility of these novel approaches.
Objectives: Gliomas are often diagnosed due to epileptic seizures as well as neurocognitive deficits. First treatment choice for patients with gliomas in speech-related areas is awake surgery, which aims at maximizing tumor resection while preserving or improving patient’s neurological status. The present study aimed at evaluating neurocognitive functioning and occurrence of epileptic seizures in patients suffering from gliomas located in language-related areas before and after awake surgery as well as during their follow up course of disease.
Materials and Methods: In this prospective study we included patients who underwent awake surgery for glioma in the inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, or anterior temporal lobe. Preoperatively, as well as in the short-term (median 4.1 months, IQR 2.1-6.0) and long-term (median 18.3 months, IQR 12.3-36.6) postoperative course, neurocognitive functioning, neurologic status, the occurrence of epileptic seizures and number of antiepileptic drugs were recorded.
Results: Between 09/2012 and 09/2019, a total of 27 glioma patients, aged 36.1 ± 11.8 years, were included. Tumor resection was complete in 15, subtotal in 6 and partial in 6 patients, respectively. While preoperatively impairment in at least one neurocognitive domain was found in 37.0% of patients, postoperatively, in the short-term, 36.4% of patients presented a significant deterioration in word fluency (p=0.009) and 34.8% of patients in executive functions (p=0.049). Over the long-term, scores improved to preoperative baseline levels. The number of patients with mood disturbances significantly declined from 66.7% to 34.8% after surgery (p=0.03). Regarding seizures, these were present in 18 (66.7%) patients prior to surgery. Postoperatively, 22 (81.5%) patients were treated with antiepileptic drugs with all patients presenting seizure-freedom.
Conclusions: In patients suffering from gliomas in eloquent areas, the combination of awake surgery, regular neurocognitive assessment - considering individual patients´ functional outcome and rehabilitation needs – and the individual adjustment of antiepileptic therapy results in excellent patient outcome in the long-term course.
EphrinB2–EphB4 signaling is critical during embryogenesis for cardiovascular formation and neuronal guidance. Intriguingly, critical expression patterns have been discovered in cancer pathologies over the last two decades. Multiple connections to tumor migration, growth, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and metastasis have been identified in vitro and in vivo. However, the molecular signaling pathways are manifold and signaling of the EphB4 receptor or the ephrinB2 ligand is cancer type specific. Here we explore the impact of these signaling pathways in neurooncological disease, including glioma, brain metastasis, and spinal bone metastasis. We identify potential downstream pathways that mediate cancer suppression or progression and seek to understand it´s role in antiangiogenic therapy resistance in glioma. Despite the Janus-faced functions of ephrinB2–EphB4 signaling in cancer Eph signaling remains a promising clinical target.
Neuere Daten weisen p53 eine wichtige Rolle in der Verarbeitung von Mangelsignalen zu und deuten darauf hin, dass p53-abhängige molekulare Mediatoren des Warburg-Effektes Glukoseverbrauch und mitochondriale Funktion regulieren. Wir stellten deshalb die Hypothese auf, dass p53-wildtyp (p53wt) in Gliomzellen den metabolischen Bedarf reduzieren kann, der durch deregulierte Signaltransduktionsprozessen unter Mangelbedingungen zu Stande kommt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl die shRNA-vermittelte p53-Gensuppression als auch die Temperatur-sensitive dominant-negative p53V135A Mutante in humanen p53wt-Gliomzellen Glukoseverbrauch und Laktatproduktion erhöht, den Sauerstoffverbrauch reduziert und den Hypoxie-induzierten Zelltod steigert. Überdies konnte beobachtet werden, dass eine zelluläre p53-Suppression die Expression von Synthesis of Cytochrome c Oxidase 2 (SCO2), eines Effektors, der in der Atmungskette benötigt wird, reprimiert. Die Restoration von SCO2 in p53wt-defizient-Zellen konnte Glukoseverbrauch, Laktatproduktion und Sauerstoffverbrauch wieder normalisieren, und vermittelte zugleich eine Resistenz gegenüber Hypoxie von Rotenone, einem Inhibitor des Komplex I der Atmungskette, abhängige Weise. Dies zeigte, dass die SCO2-vermittelten Effekte von einer intakten oxidativen Phosphorylierung abhängig waren. Schließlich vermittelte eine Gensuppression von SCO2 in p53wt-Gliomzellen eine Sensibilisierung dieser Zellen gegenüber moderater Hypoxie. Es konnte auch gezeigt werden, dass p53 und HIF-1alpha miteinander kooperieren, um SCO2 unter Hypoxie zu induzieren, was suggeriert, dass i) SCO2 ein neues HIF-1alpha Zielgen sein könnte und ii) SCO2 ein neues Zielprotein darstellen könnte, um Atmung und ROS-Prävention über HIF-alpha zu modulieren. Diese Befunde deuten darauf hin, dass Gliomzellen einen Nutzen aus dem Aufrechterhalten eines p53wt-Status erzielen können, da dies ihre Vulnerabilität gegenüber moderater Tumor-Hypoxie reduzieren kann, und dass dieser Effekt SCO2-vermittelt ist. Dennoch konnte die Sensitivität von p53wt-defizient-Zellen gegenüber hochgradiger Hypoxie-induziertem Zelltod nicht über die Effekte von SCO2 erklärt werden, da diese Oxidase ihre Funktionen nur unter ausreichend oxyschen Bedingungen erfüllen kann. Um die Mechanismen aufzuklären, die p53wt-Zellen vor hochgradiger Hypoxie Schutz verleihen, wurde die Rolle von TIGAR (Tp53 Induced Glycolysis and Apoptosis Regulator), eines weiteren kürzlich charakterizierten metabolischen p53-Zielgens, untersucht. TIGAR zeigt Ähnlichkeit mit der Fruktose-Bisphosphatase-2-Domäne des bifunktionalen Enzyms 6-Phosphofrukto-2-Kinase/Fruktose-2,6-Biphosphatase 2, und reduziert die intrazellulären Konzentrationen von Fruktose-2,6-Bisphosphat (FBP-2). FBP-2 ist ein Glykolyse-Regulator, der in höheren Konzentrationen die Glykolyse hemmt und den Pentose-Phosphat-Weg (PPP) induziert, was zu einer Verringerung der intrazellulären reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies-Konzentrationen (ROS) führt. Die Überexpression von TIGAR in p53wt-Zellen verstärkte die Glykolyse-Hemmung unter normoxischen Bedingungen und erlaubte oxidative Phosphorylierung als kompensatorischen metabolischen Mechanismus. Zudem förderte TIGAR die Expression von Lon, einer Protease, die Untereinheiten der Atmungskette modulieren kann, und zugleich als Radikalfänger fungiert. Jedoch reduzierte TIGAR die Expression von SCO2. Die Restoration von TIGAR in p53wt-defizient-Zellen konnte die Sensibilität gegenüber hochgradiger Hypoxie aufheben. TIGAR reduzierte auch die ROS-Menge und verringerte die Sensitivität gegenüber oxidativen Stress. Zugleich sensibilisierte die Gensuppression von TIGAR in p53wt-Gliomzellen diese Zellen vor hochgradiger Hypoxie. Zudem korrelierte die Expression von HIF-1alpha mit der TIGAR-Expression, was eine neue Rolle von HIF-1alpha in der Regulation des Hypoxie-induzierten Zelltodes und der Protektion vor ROS vermuten ließ. Die Expression der Transketolase-Like-1 (TKTL1), eines Isoenzym der Transketolase im Pentose-Phosphat-Weg, ist in vielen Tumoren hochreguliert. Es wurde spekuliert, dass TKTL1 Zellen Schutz vor oxidativem Zellstress vermitteln kann. Zugleich ist bekannt, dass TKTL1 mit hohen phospho-Akt-Mengen in Gliomen korreliert. Es konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass TKTL1 ein indirektes p53-Zielgen ist, welches über TIGAR reguliert werden kann. Eine Suppression der TKTL1-Expression in TIGAR-exprimierenden Zellen konnte die über TIGAR vermittelten protektiven Effekte gegenüber endogenen ROS, oxidativem Stress und Hypoxie-induziertem Zelltod aufheben. Folglich wurde hier ein bis jetzt unbekannter Zusammenhang zwischen TIGAR, TKTL1 und HIF-1alpha entdeckt. Ebenso konnte eine TKTL1-Suppression mittels siRNA wie die TIGAR-Suppression die HIF1-alpha-Transaktivierungsfähigkeit reduzieren, was zu der Vermutung Anlass gab, dass TKTL1 HIF1-alpha unter Hypoxie reguliert.
The TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) has been shown to decrease glycolysis, to activate the pentose phosphate pathway, and to provide protection against oxidative damage. Hypoxic regions are considered characteristic of glioblastoma and linked with resistance to current treatment strategies. Here, we established that LNT-229 glioma cell lines stably expressed shRNA constructs targeting TIGAR, and exposed them to hypoxia, irradiation and temozolomide. The disruption of TIGAR enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species and cell death under hypoxic conditions, as well as the effectiveness of irradiation and temozolomide. In addition, TIGAR was upregulated by HIF-1α. As a component of a complex network, TIGAR contributes to the metabolic adjustments that arise from either spontaneous or therapy-induced changes in tumor microenvironment.
Glioblastoma (GBM), WHO grade IV, is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. The median survival time using standard therapy is only 12–15 months with a 5-year survival rate of around 5%. Thus, new and effective treatment modalities are of significant importance. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is a key signaling protein driving major hallmarks of cancer and represents a promising target for the development of targeted glioblastoma therapies. Here we present data showing that the therapeutic application of siRNAs, formulated in nanoscale lipopolyplexes (LPP) based on polyethylenimine (PEI) and the phospholipid 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), represents a promising new approach to target Stat3 in glioma. We demonstrate that the LPP-mediated delivery of siRNA mediates efficient knockdown of Stat3, suppresses Stat3 activity and limits cell growth in murine (Tu2449) and human (U87, Mz18) glioma cells in vitro. In a therapeutic setting, intracranial application of the siRNA-containing LPP leads to knockdown of STAT3 target gene expression, decreased tumor growth and significantly prolonged survival in Tu2449 glioma-bearing mice compared to negative control-treated animals. This is a proof-of-concept study introducing PEI-based lipopolyplexes as an efficient strategy for therapeutically targeting oncoproteins with otherwise limited druggability.
Purpose: Dexamethasone (Dex) is the most common corticosteroid to treat edema in glioblastoma (GBM) patients. Recent studies identified the addition of Dex to radiation therapy (RT) to be associated with poor survival. Independently, Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) provides a novel anti-cancer modality for patients with primary and recurrent GBM. Whether Dex influences the efficacy of TTFields, however, remains elusive. Methods: Human GBM cell lines MZ54 and U251 were treated with RT or TTFields in combination with Dex and the effects on cell counts and cell death were determined via flow cytometry. We further performed a retrospective analysis of GBM patients with TTFields treatment +/- concomitant Dex and analysed its impact on progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: The addition of Dex significantly reduced the efficacy of RT in U251, but not in MZ54 cells. TTFields (200 kHz/250 kHz) induced massive cell death in both cell lines. Concomitant treatment of TTFields and Dex did not reduce the overall efficacy of TTFields. Further, in our retrospective clinical analysis, we found that the addition of Dex to TTFields therapy did not influence PFS nor OS. Conclusion: Our translational investigation indicates that the efficacy of TTFields therapy in patients with GBM and GBM cell lines is not affected by the addition of Dex.
Simple Summary: Pseudoprogression detection in glioblastoma patients remains a challenging task. Although pseudoprogression has only a moderate prevalence of 10–30% following first-line treatment of glioblastoma patients, it bears critical implications for affected patients. Non-invasive techniques, such as amino acid PET imaging using the tracer O-(2-[18F]-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET), expose features that have been shown to provide useful information to distinguish tumor progression from pseudoprogression. The usefulness of FET-PET in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma exclusively, however, has not been investigated so far. Recently, machine learning (ML) algorithms have been shown to offer great potential particularly when multiparametric data is available. In this preliminary study, a Linear Discriminant Analysis-based ML algorithm was deployed in a cohort of newly diagnosed IDH-wildtype glioblastoma patients (n = 44) and demonstrated a significantly better diagnostic performance than conventional ROC analysis. This preliminary study is the first to assess the performance of ML in FET-PET for diagnosing pseudoprogression exclusively in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma and demonstrates its potential.
Abstract: Pseudoprogression (PSP) detection in glioblastoma remains challenging and has important clinical implications. We investigated the potential of machine learning (ML) in improving the performance of PET using O-(2-[18F]-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) for differentiation of tumor progression from PSP in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma. We retrospectively evaluated the PET data of patients with newly diagnosed IDH-wildtype glioblastoma following chemoradiation. Contrast-enhanced MRI suspected PSP/TP and all patients underwent subsequently an additional dynamic FET-PET scan. The modified Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria served to diagnose PSP. We trained a Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)-based classifier using FET-PET derived features on a hold-out validation set. The results of the ML model were compared with a conventional FET-PET analysis using the receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve. Of the 44 patients included in this preliminary study, 14 patients were diagnosed with PSP. The mean (TBRmean) and maximum tumor-to-brain ratios (TBRmax) were significantly higher in the TP group as compared to the PSP group (p = 0.014 and p = 0.033, respectively). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for TBRmax and TBRmean was 0.68 and 0.74, respectively. Using the LDA-based algorithm, the AUC (0.93) was significantly higher than the AUC for TBRmax. This preliminary study shows that in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma, ML-based PSP detection leads to better diagnostic performance.
In several tumor entities, transketolase-like protein 1 (TKTL1) has been suggested to promote the nonoxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and thereby to contribute to a malignant phenotype. However, its role in glioma biology has only been sparsely documented. In the present in vitro study using LNT-229 glioma cells, we analyzed the impact of TKTL1 gene suppression on basic metabolic parameters and on survival following oxygen restriction and ionizing radiation. TKTL1 was induced by hypoxia and by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Knockdown of TKTL1 via shRNA increased the cells’ demand for glucose, decreased flux through the PPP and promoted cell death under hypoxic conditions. Following irradiation, suppression of TKTL1 expression resulted in elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced clonogenic survival. In summary, our results indicate a role of TKTL1 in the adaptation of tumor cells to oxygen deprivation and in the acquisition of radioresistance. Further studies are necessary to examine whether strategies that antagonize TKTL1 function will be able to restore the sensitivity of glioma cells towards irradiation and antiangiogenic therapies in the more complex in vivo environment.