Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (24)
- Doctoral Thesis (12)
Has Fulltext
- yes (36)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (36)
Keywords
- Apoptosis (36) (remove)
Institute
Background: Resistance to temozolomide (TMZ) greatly limits chemotherapeutic effectiveness in glioblastoma (GBM). Here we analysed the ability of the Inhibitor-of-apoptosis-protein (IAP) antagonist birinapant to enhance treatment responses to TMZ in both commercially available and patient-derived GBM cells.
Methods: Responses to TMZ and birinapant were analysed in a panel of commercial and patient-derived GBM cell lines using colorimetric viability assays, flow cytometry, morphological analysis and protein expression profiling of pro- and antiapoptotic proteins. Responses in vivo were analysed in an orthotopic xenograft GBM model.
Results: Single-agent treatment experiments categorised GBM cells into TMZ-sensitive cells, birinapant-sensitive cells, and cells that were insensitive to either treatment. Combination treatment allowed sensitisation to therapy in only a subset of resistant GBM cells. Cell death analysis identified three principal response patterns: Type A cells that readily activated caspase-8 and cell death in response to TMZ while addition of birinapant further sensitised the cells to TMZ-induced cell death; Type B cells that readily activated caspase-8 and cell death in response to birinapant but did not show further sensitisation with TMZ; and Type C cells that showed no significant cell death or moderately enhanced cell death in the combined treatment paradigm. Furthermore, in vivo, a Type C patient-derived cell line that was TMZ-insensitive in vitro and showed a strong sensitivity to TMZ and TMZ plus birinapant treatments.
Conclusions: Our results demonstrate remarkable differences in responses of patient-derived GBM cells to birinapant single and combination treatments, and suggest that therapeutic responses in vivo may be greatly affected by the tumour microenvironment.
Diabetes results from a decline in functional pancreatic β-cells, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathological β-cell failure are poorly understood. Here we report that large-tumor suppressor 2 (LATS2), a core component of the Hippo signaling pathway, is activated under diabetic conditions and induces β-cell apoptosis and impaired function. LATS2 deficiency in β-cells and primary isolated human islets as well as β-cell specific LATS2 ablation in mice improves β-cell viability, insulin secretion and β-cell mass and ameliorates diabetes development. LATS2 activates mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a physiological suppressor of autophagy, in β-cells and genetic and pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 counteracts the pro-apoptotic action of activated LATS2. We further show a direct interplay between Hippo and autophagy, in which LATS2 is an autophagy substrate. On the other hand, LATS2 regulates β-cell apoptosis triggered by impaired autophagy suggesting an existence of a stress-sensitive multicomponent cellular loop coordinating β-cell compensation and survival. Our data reveal an important role for LATS2 in pancreatic β-cell turnover and suggest LATS2 as a potential therapeutic target to improve pancreatic β-cell survival and function in diabetes.
Heart valve disease is a major clinical problem worldwide. Cardiac valve development and homeostasis need to be precisely controlled. Hippo signaling is essential for organ development and tissue homeostasis, while its role in valve formation and morphology maintenance remains unknown. VGLL4 is a transcription cofactor in vertebrates and we found it was mainly expressed in valve interstitial cells at the post-EMT stage and was maintained till the adult stage. Tissue specific knockout of VGLL4 in different cell lineages revealed that only loss of VGLL4 in endothelial cell lineage led to valve malformation with expanded expression of YAP targets. We further semi-knockout YAP in VGLL4 ablated hearts, and found hyper proliferation of arterial valve interstitial cells was significantly constrained. These findings suggest that VGLL4 is important for valve development and manipulation of Hippo components would be a potential therapy for preventing the progression of congenital valve disease.
The removal of apoptotic cells (AC) can be regarded as an integral component of the program to terminate inflammation. Clearance of AC by professional phagocytes such as macrophages induces an anti-inflammatory phenotype in the latter ones. Anti-inflammatory or M2 polarization is also observed in macrophages infiltrating certain human tumors. These tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) contribute actively to tumor progression by promoting immune evasion, angiogenesis and tumor cell survival. The aim of my Ph.D. thesis was to approach the mechanisms as well as the characteristics of macrophage phenotype alterations induced by AC, and to elucidate a possible connection between tumor cell apoptosis and TAM generation. In the first part of my studies, I investigated the impact of AC on macrophage viability. I could show that macrophage survival against pro-apoptotic agents increased after the interaction with AC. Protection of macrophages against cell death required activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Ca2+ signaling, and correlated with Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 up-regulation as well as Ser136-Bad phosphorylation. Unexpectedly, neither phagocytosis nor binding of apoptotic debris to the phagocyte was necessary to induce protection. AC released the bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), dependent on sphingosine kinase (SphK) 2, as a survival messenger. These data indicated an active role of AC in preventing cell destruction in their neighborhood. My next aim was to elucidate the mechanism of S1P production by AC. During cell death, SphK 2 was cleaved at its N-terminus by caspase-1. Thereupon, the truncated but enzymatically active fragment of SphK 2 was released from cells. This release was coupled to phosphatidylserine exposure, a hallmark of apoptosis and a crucial signal for the phagocyte/apoptotic cell interaction. Thus, I observed a link between common signaling events during apoptosis and the extracellular production of S1P, which is known to affect immune cell attraction and polarization as well as angiogenesis in cancer. In the next part of my studies, I asked for a correlation between tumor cell apoptosis and TAM polarization. During co-culture of human macrophages with human breast cancer carcinoma cells (MCF-7), the latter ones were killed, while macrophages acquired an alternatively activated phenotype. This was characterized by decreased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; and interleukin (IL)-12-p70 production, but increased formation of IL-8 and IL-10. Alternative macrophage activation required tumor cell death, because a co-culture with apoptosis-resistant colon carcinoma cells (RKO) or Bcl-2-overexpressing MCF-7 cells failed to induce phenotype alterations. These phenotype alterations were also achieved with conditioned media from apoptotic tumor cells, which again argued for a soluble factor being involved. Knock-down of SphK2, but not SphK1, to attenuate S1P formation in MCF-7 cells, repressed the otherwise observed alternative macrophage polarization during co-culture. Furthermore, macrophage polarization achieved by tumor cell apoptosis or substitution of authentic S1P was characterized by suppression of pro-inflammatory nuclear factor (NF)-κB DNA binding. These findings suggested that tumor cell apoptosis-derived S1P contributes to the macrophage polarization present in human tumors. To validate these in vitro data, I used an in vivo tumor model to clarify the relevance of SphK2 and S1P in tumor development. The growth of, as well as blood vessel infiltration into SphK2 knock-down MCF-7 (MCF-7-siSphK2) xenografts in nude mice was markedly decreased in comparison to control MCF-7 xenografts. In contrast, macrophage infiltration was similar or even more pronounced. These data provided a first hint for an in vivo role of SphK2-derived S1P in macrophage polarization associated with tumor promotion. In summary, these data indicate a new mechanism how AC themselves shape macrophage polarization, which results in the termination of inflammatory responses and macrophage survival. Furthermore, my studies present evidence that human tumors may utilize this mechanism to foster growth via increased angiogenesis.
Altered metabolism in tumor cells is increasingly recognized as a core component of the neoplastic phenotype. Because p53 has emerged as a master metabolic regulator, we hypothesized that the presence of wild-type p53 in glioblastoma cells could confer a selective advantage to these cells under the adverse conditions of the glioma microenvironment. Here, we report on the effects of the p53-dependent effector Tp53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) on hypoxia-induced cell death. We demonstrate that TIGAR is overexpressed in glioblastomas and that ectopic expression of TIGAR reduces cell death induced by glucose and oxygen restriction. Metabolic analyses revealed that TIGAR inhibits glycolysis and promotes respiration. Further, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels was reduced whereas levels of reduced glutathione were elevated in TIGAR-expressing cells. Finally, inhibiting the transketolase isoenzyme transketolase-like 1 (TKTL1) by siRNA reversed theses effects of TIGAR. These findings suggest that glioma cells benefit from TIGAR expression by (i) improving energy yield from glucose via increased respiration and (ii) enhancing defense mechanisms against ROS. Targeting metabolic regulators such as TIGAR may therefore be a valuable strategy to enhance glioma cell sensitivity toward spontaneously occurring or therapy-induced starvation conditions or ROS-inducing therapeutic approaches.
Due to their physiological role in removing damaged cells, natural killer (NK) cells represent ideal candidates for cellular immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer. Thereby, the cytotoxicity of NK cells is regulated by signals on both, the NK cells as well as the targeted tumor cells, and the interplay and balance of these signals determine the killing capacity of NK cells. One promising avenue in cancer treatment is therefore the combination of NK cell therapy with agents that either help to increase the killing capacity of NK cells or sensitize tumor cells to an NK cell-mediated attack. In this mini-review, we present different strategies that can be explored to unleash the potential of NK cell immunotherapy. In particular, we summarize how modulation of apoptosis signaling within tumor cells can be exploited to sensitize tumor cells to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Das Enzym 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) spielt eine essentielle Rolle in der Biosynthese der Leukotriene, bioaktiver Metabolite der Arachidonsäure (AA), die an einer Vielzahl entzündlicher und allergischer Erkrankungen beteiligt sind. Die 5-LO wird bevorzugt in Zellen myeloiden Ursprungs wie Granulozyten, Monozyten oder B-Lymphozyten exprimiert. In die Regulation der zellulären 5-LO-Aktivität in der Epstein-Barr Virus-transformierten B-lymphozytären Zelllinie BL41-E95-A sind Caspasen, Aspartat-spezifische Cysteinproteasen, involviert. Das Passagieren von BL41-E95-A führt zu einer Erhöhung der Proliferationsrate der B-Lymphozyten sowie zu einem deutlichen Verlust der 5-LO-Aktivität, der mit dem Auftreten eines 62 kDa-Spaltproduktes der 5-LO und einer signifikanten Aktivitätserhöhung der Caspase-8 und -6 korreliert. Isolierte humane 5-LO wird durch rekombinante Caspase-6 zwischen Asp170 und Ser171 zu einem 58 kDa-Fragment in vitro gespalten, wobei das Tetrapeptid VEID170 innerhalb der 5-LO als Erkennungsmotiv für den Angriff der Caspase-6 dient. In einigen weiteren untersuchten Zelllinien wie Mono Mac 6 (MM6), RBL-1, PMNL oder HeLa, die nicht den B-Lymphozyten angehören, konnte die 5-LO-Spaltung weder durch das Passagieren von Zellen noch durch die Behandlung mit diversen proapoptotischen Agentien ausgelöst werden. Laut Ergebnissen aus in vitro-Untersuchungen scheinen 5-LO-positive HeLa- bzw. MM6-Zellen einen Faktor zu exprimieren, der die 5-LO direkt oder indirekt vor dem Angriff der Caspase-6 und anschließender Prozessierung schützt. Die in den BL41-E95-A-Zellen beobachtete Aktivierung der Caspasen mit anschließender Prozessierung der 5-LO lässt sich durch zwei Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe supprimieren, das Hyperforin (HP) aus Johanniskraut-Extrakten und das Myrtucommulon (MC) aus Myrte-Blättern. Beide Verbindungen scheinen in B-Lymphozyten zu einer Hemmung der Caspasen-Aktivierung zu führen. Nichtsdestotrotz führt die Behandlung der B-Lymphozyten mit HP bzw. MC zu einem apoptotischen Tod der Zellen. Offensichtlich wird dabei ein (unbekannter) einzigartiger Mechanismus der Apoptose-Induktion ausgelöst. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte zum ersten Mal eine potente Apoptose-induzierende Wirkung des natürlich vorkommenden Myrtucommulons auf Krebszelllinien gezeigt werden. In allen getesteten Krebszelllinien führte Myrtucommulon zum Zelltod, wobei die HL-60-Zellen mit einem IC50-Wert von 3,26 ± 0,51 µM MC am sensitivsten gegenüber MC-Einfluss waren. Zusätzlich konnte in HL-60- und MM6-Zellen nach MC-Behandlung neben einer erhöhten Caspasen-Aktivität und PARP-Spaltung ein signifikanter DNA-Abbau detektiert werden. Von besonderer Bedeutung ist die Tatsache, dass die zytotoxische MC-Wirkung eine bemerkenswerte Selektivität für entartete Zelllinien zu besitzen scheint und gegenüber nicht-transfizierten Zellen minimal ist.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) contribute to cardiac (patho)physiology. Aging is the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease with cardiomyocyte apoptosis as one underlying cause. Here, we report the identification of the aging-regulated lncRNA Sarrah (ENSMUST00000140003) that is anti-apoptotic in cardiomyocytes. Importantly, loss of SARRAH (OXCT1-AS1) in human engineered heart tissue results in impaired contractile force development. SARRAH directly binds to the promoters of genes downregulated after SARRAH silencing via RNA-DNA triple helix formation and cardiomyocytes lacking the triple helix forming domain of Sarrah show an increase in apoptosis. One of the direct SARRAH targets is NRF2, and restoration of NRF2 levels after SARRAH silencing partially rescues the reduction in cell viability. Overexpression of Sarrah in mice shows better recovery of cardiac contractile function after AMI compared to control mice. In summary, we identified the anti-apoptotic evolutionary conserved lncRNA Sarrah, which is downregulated by aging, as a regulator of cardiomyocyte survival.
Der ubiquitäre Redoxregulator Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) hat wichtige Funktionen für den zellulären Redoxstatus, Zellwachstum und Apoptose. Reaktive Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) sind beteiligt an der Pathogenese kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen wie der Atherosklerose und werden zunehmend in ihrer Rolle als intra- und extrazelluläre Signalmoleküle charakterisiert. Ein Ungleichgewicht zwischen der Entstehung von ROS und ihrem Abbau durch antioxidative Systeme führt zu oxidativem Stress, zur Oxidation von Proteinen und letztlich zum Zelltod. Daher wurde in dieser Doktorarbeit untersucht, wie reaktive Sauerstoffspezies Trx-1 in Endothelzellen regulieren, welchen Einfluss dies für die Endothelzellapoptose hat und welche Bedeutung Antioxidantien, Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) und Schubspannung haben. In dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass H2O2 konzentrationsabhängig die Expression von Trx-1 beeinflusst. Geringe Konzentrationen H2O2 wie 10 und 50 µM induzierten Trx-1-mRNA nach 3 Stunden. Auf Proteinebene fand sich dann nach 6 Stunden eine transiente Hochregulation von Trx-1. Diese geringen Konzentrationen von H2O2 wirkten antiapoptotisch. Dieser antiapoptotische Effekt war von der Trx-1 Proteinexpression abhängig. Im Gegensatz dazu kam es bei hohen Konzentrationen H2O2 zu einer Degradierung von Trx-1. Durch das Antioxidans NAC und NO konnte der Abbau von Trx-1 unter höheren H2O2-Konzentrationen verhindert werden. Untersuchungen zum Mechanismus des Degradierungsprozesses ergaben, dass Trx-1 durch die Aspartatprotease Cathepsin D abgebaut wird. Der protektive Effekt von NO auf die Trx-1 Expression konnte auch im Gewebe eNOS-defizienter Mäuse gezeigt werden, da bereits eNOS-defiziente Mäuse in den Nieren weniger Trx-1 Protein aufwiesen im Vergleich zu Wildtyp-Kontrollmäusen. Bei der Entstehung endothelialer Läsionen und der Stabilität atheromatöser Plaques spielt die Endothelzellapoptose vermutlich eine wichtige Rolle. Trx-1 schützt Endothelzellen vor Apoptose, wird jedoch unter oxidativem Stress abgebaut. Faktoren, die Trx-1 unter oxidativem Stress stabilisieren wie NAC und NO, kommt daher eine besondere Bedeutung für die Endothelzellhomöostase zu.
Apoptosis seems to be involved in immunosenescence associated with aging. Moreover, in lymphocytes (PBL) of patients with Alzheimer's disease, an increased susceptibility to the apoptotic pathway has been described possibly due to impaired protection of oxidative stress. Accordingly, it seemed to be of particular interest to investigate the contribution of normal aging to the susceptibility from human lymphocytes to programmed cell death. We could show that PBL from elderly individuals (>60 years) accumulate apoptosing cells to a significant higher extent in spontaneous and activation-induced cell death compared to younger controls (<35 years). Treatment with the oxidative stressor 2-deoxy-D-ribose or with agonistic-CD95-antibody pronounced this effect even more implicating a higher sensitivity to reactive oxygen species and a higher functional CD95 expression, respectively. In addition, expression of the activation markers HLA-DR and CD95 was significantly increased in CD3+-cells of aged subjects, while expression of CD25 did not seem to be affected by age. Expression of Bcl-2 was increased in aging and correlated with the number of apoptotic cells.