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The paper investigates the origins of the German/Dutch particle toch/doch) in the hope of shedding light on a puzzle with respect to doch/toch and to shed some light on two theoretical issues. The puzzle is the nearly opposite meaning of the stressed and unstressed versions of the particle which cannot be accounted for in standard theories of the meaning of stress. One theoretical issue concerns the meaning of stress: whether it is possible to reduce the semantic contribution of a stressed item to the meaning of the item and the meaning of stress. The second issue is whether the complex use of a particle like doch/toch can be seen as an instance of spread or whether it has to be seen as having a core meaning which is differentiated by pragmatics operating in different contexts.
We use the etymology of doch and doch as to+u+h (that+ question marker+ emphatic marker) to argue for an origin as a question tag checking a hearer opinion. Stress on the tag indicates an opposite opinion (of the common ground or the speaker) and this sets apart two groups of uses spreading in different directions. This solves the puzzle, indicates that the assumption of spread is useful and offers a subtle correction of the interpretation of stress. While stress always means contrast with a contrasting item, if the particle use is due to spread, it is not guaranteed that the unstressed particle has a corresponding use (or inversely).
In the sections that follow we shall be concerned with analyzing the semantic evolution of the noun cheek in the history of English. The semantics of the lexical item under scrutiny will be examined with reference to its two aspects, that is (1) the semantic potential of the analysed lexical unit in its primary, etymological sense (sense A) and its secondary senses (senses B > E), (2) as well as the secondary senses emerging from various phraseological units which echo the nominal sense B (henceforth B-related senses). The analysis proposed here continues the area of research initiated in Wieclawska (2009a, 2009b), Wieclawska 2010, Kleparski and Wieclawska (2010) and Wieclawska (2011), the target of which are semantic changes and phraseological productivity of lexical items variously related to the conceptual macrocategory BODY PARTS. The methodological apparatus employed here is the one that follows the theoretical frames developed by, among others, Kleparski (1996, 1997, 2002), Kieltyka (2008, 2010) that may be referred to as representing much cognitivistic spirit of semantic analysis.
Wer sich über das Bedeutungsspektrum eines literaturwissenschaftlichen Terminus technicus informieren möchte, wendet sich in der Regel als erstes an die einschlägigen Nachschlagewerke zur fachwissenschaftlichen Nomenklatur. Wer sich aber in deutschsprachigen Lexika und Handbüchern über die literaturwissenschaftlichen Verwendungsweisen des Begriffs der „Konvention“ einen Überblick verschaffen will, muß sich auf eine herbe Enttäuschung gefasst machen. Im Gegensatz nämlich zu den gängigsten angloamerikanischen Vergleichswerken führen weder das von Paul Merker und Wolfgang Stammler herausgegebene "Reallexikon der deutschen Literaturgeschichte" noch Gero von Wilperts "Sachwörterbuch der Literatur" (fünfte und sechste Auflagen), weder Otto F. Bests in erweiterter Neuausgabe 1982 veröffentlichtes "Handbuch literarischer Fachbegriffe" noch Wolfgang Kaysers "Kleines literarisches Lexikon" und weder das 1984 in erster Auflage erschienene "Literatur-Lexikon" des Metzler-Verlags noch das von Claus Träger 1986 herausgegebene "Wörterbuch der Literaturwissenschaft" irgendeinen Eintrag zum Stichwort Konvention.
U radu se predstavljaju rezultati terenskog istraživanja o nazivima za uskršnju pletenicu, provedenog na gotovo dvjesto punktova duž hrvatske obale te u unutrašnjosti Istre i nadopunjenog podatcima iz objavljene literature. Istraživanjem su, radi usporedbe, zahvaćena i neka naselja u Gorskom kotaru te u unutrašnjosti Dalmacije. Analiza prikupljenog korpusa ukazuje na snažnu prisutnost slike sadržaja ‘ptica’ u našim jadranskim nazivima za uskršnju pletenicu, bilo da je riječ o nazivima slavenskog ili romanskog (dalmatskog, istroromanskog ili mletačkog) podrijetla. Na temelju tih zapažanja ponovno se razmatraju neka dosad predložena etimološka rješenja (Skok, Vinja) te donose novi etimološki prijedlozi.
Etymologie und Wortgeschichte bezeichnen deutlich voneinander unterschiedene Aufgabenstellungen der Linguistik. Etymologie beschreibt die erste Zuordnung eines Inhalts zu einer hierfür neugeschaffenen Lautkette. Sie hat Lexikon, Wortbildung und Motivation als Faktoren einer solchen Zuordnung darzustellen und gehört damit zur synchronen Beschreibung der Sprache. Wortgeschichte ist eine Aufgabe der historischen Sprachwissenschaft: sie registriert und deutet alles, was sich mit einer einmal geschehenen Form-Inhalt-Zuordnung im Laufe ihrer Verwendung durch die Sprecher ereignet.
L’auteur est parti du constat qu’à la suite de la monographie de Jean Rupp, toutes les études portant sur le terme christianitas cherchent à saisir le concept de chrétienté, au détriment des autres significations possibles. Geelhaar a donc décidé de reprendre le dossier en partant de l’histoire du mot lui-même, de ce qu’il signifiait pour les hommes de l’Antiquité tardive jusqu’à l’époque carolingienne, quels sens ils lui donnaient et dans quels contextes ils l’utilisaient. Le but de sa recherche est de vérifier les études publiées jusqu’à présent, quitte à les remettre en cause, mais également de contribuer à la recherche sur le langage politique du tournant entre Antiquité et Moyen Âge, à savoir si et comment le terme christianitas participe à la communication politique. ...
U ovome se članku obrađuju posuđenice mletačkoga podrijetla u sjevernočakavskom govoru Boljuna u sjeveroistočnoj Istri. Cilj rada bio je etimološki obraditi pridjeve i imenice iz semantičke domene karakternih osobina koji nisu bili uvršteni u Skokov Etimologijski rječnik ni u Vinjine Jadranske etimologije. Polazišna građa ekscerpirana je iz rukopisnoga Rječnika boljunskih govora Ivana Francetića, provjerena je na terenu te je etimološkom i leksičkom analizom dovedena u vezu s istromletačkim, venecijanskim, tršćanskim i talijanskim (etymologia proxima) te s latinskim ili drugim etimonom (etymologia remota), a na sinkronijskoj i dijatopijskoj razini s rječničkim potvrdama u ostalim čakavskim govorima Istre, Kvarnera i Dalmacije.
Neste trabalho são abordados aspectos históricos e semânticos dos termos "doutor" (port.) – "Doktor" (alem.), que apresentam matizes bastante diferenciados nas duas culturas respectivas. Primeiramente é considerado o desenvolvimento do termo "doutor", desde suas origens latinas até o seu uso hodierno em português, em que o termo passa a ser utilizado também como forma respeitosa de tratamento. O uso dessa forma de tratamento para certas categorias profissionais no Brasil é, então, contrastado com a situação vigente na Alemanha, levando-se em conta a legislação e a jurisprudência em ambos os países. As particularidades do tratamento de doutor em cada uma das duas culturas, sobretudo na área do direito, são ilustradas com exemplos. Ao final, são tecidos breves comentários sobre a relevância teórica e prática do assunto para a tradução.
O conceito de Witz, como aparece nos fragmentos de Friedrich Schlegel, publicados entre 1798 e 1800, está ligado ao entendimento estético e foi recuperado por Walter Benjamin em O conceito de crítica de arte no romantismo alemão. O Witz faz parte da "terminologia filosófica" romântica, é um instante na reflexão crítica sobre uma obra de arte onde se dá o conhecimento súbito. O Witz opera na obra uma iluminação de diferentes níveis: semanticamente, aparece na obra como as figuras de estilo da subitaneidade, ou como parabase, a ruptura que autoexplica a obra. Witz, etimologicamente, seria uma corruptela de wissen (saber), e representado pela metáfora da luz. O termo original Witz mantém uma relação sonora com Blitz (relâmpago), é o saber que emerge à consciência subitamente, como um relâmpago, uma iluminação súbita da cena. Witz/Bliz constituem-se em um par conceitual, ou seja, a sonoridade dos termos permite um permuta visual e fonética que vem ao encontro das possibilidades semânticas, compondo um par de opostos.
U radu se raspravlja o etimologiji hrvatske riječi jaram i srodnih riječi u ostalim slavenskim jezicima. Prikazuje se da je ta riječ u baltoslavenskome bila množinski oblik imenice koja je dala hrvatsko rame. Raspravljaju se formalne teškoće te etimologije i analiziraju se brojne usporedne izvedenice u slavenskome.