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In the wake of Kayne's Antisymmetry Hypothesis and Linear Correspondence Axiom (LCA), there has been much fruitful research attempting to adjust syntactic analyses to those permitted by Kayne's restrictive system. In doing so, analyses which at first seem counter-intuitive may tum out to provide solutions to old problems. Two cases in point are the analysis of Malagasy involving extensive Remnant Movement [henceforth RM1 described in Rackowski & Travis (2000), Pearson (2001), and elsewhere; on the one hand, and the analysis of Hungarian and Dutch verbal clusters in Koopman & Szabolcsi (2000) [henceforth R&T, Pearson, and K&Sz].
The original motivation (in part) for examining L&Sz and subsequently R&T was that it is the extensive use of iterated RM which increases the computational complexity of languages generatable in Stabler's "Strict Minimalist Grammar" formalism over that of context-free grammars. It has also been noted that allowing extraction from complex specifiers created by Merge (as opposed to Move) increases the level of complexity even further (lens Michaelis, p.e.). Both R&T and K&Sz make extensive use of RM; R&T allow extraction from complex specifiers, while K&Sz do not. Although the specifiers in both cases are created by Move, not Merge, we nevertheless feel that there is enough intrinsic linguistic interest in trying to limit extraction possibilities to pursue the comparison of these two systems with regard to this point.
[V]oice in Malagasy is less like voice in English and more like wh-agreement, of the sort which Chung (1998) documents for Chamorro. In A' -extraction contexts in Chamorro, regular subject agreement […] is replaced by special morphology indicating whether the extracted element is a subject, object, or oblique […]. In Pearson (to appear) I suggested that Malagasy voice marking is a 'generalized' version of this type of marking: While in Chamorro wh-agreement is confined to questions, relative clauses, and the like, in Malagasy it appears in all clause types due to a requirement that the specifier of WhP be filled in every clause. [...]
In this paper I focus on the voice affixes themselves and propose an account of their distribution. Specifically, I argue that they are realizations of light verbs and Case-checking heads, which combine with the root through head-to-head movement. The distribution of the affixes is determined by the positions from which, and through which, the null operator […] moves on its way to the specifier of WhP. For example, the actor-topic prefix m- is treated as a nominative Casechecking head, which gets spelled out just in case the operator raises through its specifier. (My analysis is thus in the spirit of Guilfoyle, Hung, & Travis (1992), who also associate voice morphemes with Case licensing.)
Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die lexikalisch-semantischen Charakteristika der passivischen und deagentiven Konstruktion "bleiben" + "zu"-Vollverbinfinitiv auf der Basis von Recherchen im Deutschen Referenzkorpus des Instituts für deutsche Sprache (DeReKo; TAGGED-T2-öffentlich). Aufgrund der Analyse wurden die in diese prädikative Konstruktion eintretenden Vollverben identifiziert und in Bezug auf ihre lexikalisch-semantischen Charakteristika erforscht. Daraus ergab sich ihre Gliederung in sechs lexikalische Felder, und zwar Einschätzung – "Wert", "Kommunikation", "Lösung", "unspezifische Aktivität", "Ziel" – "Endpunkt" und "Wunsch".
It is well known that English children between the age of 4 and 6 display a so-called Delay of Principle B Effect (DPBE) in that they allow pronouns to refer to a local c-commanding antecedent. Their guessing pattern with pronouns contrasts with their adult-like interpretation of reflexives. The DPBE has been explained as resulting from a lack of pragmatic knowledge or insufficient cognitive resources. However, such extra-grammatical accounts cannot explain why the DPBE only shows up in particular languages and in particular syntactic environments. Moreover, such accounts fail to explain why the DPBE only emerges in comprehension and not in production. This paper hypothesizes that the presence or absence of the DPBE can be explained from the properties of the grammar. Fischer's (2004) optimality-theoretic analysis of binding, explaining cross-linguistic variation, and Hendriks and Spenader's (2005/6) optimality-theoretic account of the acquisition of pronouns and reflexives are combined into a single model. This model yields testable predictions with respect to the presence or absence of the DPBE in particular languages, in particular syntactic environments, and in comprehension and/or production.
Die vorliegende Untersuchung kann als Beitrag zum Themenbereich "grammatische Relationen" und zur "Subjekt"- und "Objekt"-Diskussion verstanden werden. Da im Mittelpunkt unserer Betrachtungen die Enkodierung von semantischen Rollen steht, genauer: die Wechselbeziehung zwischen Rollen und ihrer morphologischen Ausprägung durch Kasusformen, ist darauf verzichtet worden, von "Subjekt"- oder "Objekt"-Kasus zu sprechen, denn der "Subjekt"- oder "Objekt"-Status eines Partizipanten wird erst deutlich, wenn alle in der Literatur entwickelten Tests (z.B. die von Keenan 1976 zuerst aufgelisteten) durchgeführt worden sind. Dennoch besteht die Hauptabsicht unserer Analysen darin, eben einen Teil der schon bei Keenan umrissenen Beziehungen zwischen Rolle und morphologischer Repräsentation, bzw. zwischen Rollen und ihrer Konvergenz in bestimmte "zentrale" Kasus genauer herauszuarbeiten, in der Annahme, daß explizite syntaktische Tests, um die es hier nicht geht, im Nachhinein die von uns erkannten "zentralen" Kasusformen als "verdächtige" Subjekt- (bzw. "Objekt"-) Kasus identifizieren können. Auf dem Hintergrund der von H. Seiler (1984) entwickelten Dimension der PARTIZIPATION geht es dabei u.a. um die Interaktion verschiedener Techniken dieser Dimension, so daß nicht nur die KASUSMARKIERUNG zur Sprache kommt, sondern eben auch die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen VERBKLASSEN, VALENZ, ORIENTIERUNG, TRANSITIVIERUNG und KASUSMARKIERUNG. Für die Beziehung zwischen semantischen Rollen und ihrer morphologischen Ausprägung in Kasusformen wurden drei Bereiche der Grammatikalisierung angesetzt: der der bei der Kodierung der Fundamentalrelationen zu beobachtende Zusammenfall, die bei der Orientierung erfolgenden Veränderungen der Kodierung und die Anpassung/Nivellierung der Kasusmarkierung im Falle von ACTOR- und UNDERGOER-Rollen, so daß sich schließlich ein Bündel von Kriterien ergibt, aufgrund dessen die Einordnung bestimmter Beobachtungen erfolgen kann, d.h. letztlich eine skalare Darstellung mit typologischer Aussagekraft.
The bulk of this paper deals with an analysis of the voice system of Tukang Besi, which, has both a complex verbal agreement system as well as the last fully developed (and obligatory) case marking system among Austronesian languages with an increasingly head-marking trend to the east (case marking of core constituents only becomes functional again in Vanuatu and the Solomons, and is well-developed in Polynesia). For that reason, as well as personal acquaintance with the language, it is a sensible starting point.
It is common knowledge in the field of Philippine linguistics that an ang-marked direct object in a non-actor focus clause must be definite or generic, while a ng-marked object in an actor focus clause typically receives a nonspecific interpretation. However, in contexts like wh-questions, the oblique object in an antipassive may be interpreted as specific, as noted by Schachter & Otanes (1972), Maclachlan & Nakamura (1997), Rackowski (2002), and others. […] In this paper, I propose to account for the specificity effects […] within the analysis of Tagalog syntax put forth by Aldridge (2004). I analyze Tagalog as an ergative language […]. Cross linguistically, antipassive oblique objects receive a nonspecific interpretation, while absolutives are definite or generic. I show in this paper how the Tagalog facts can be subsumed under a general account of ergativity.