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Various strategies have been employed to speed tissue regeneration using bioactive molecules. Interestingly, platelet concentrates derived from a patient’s own blood have been utilized as a regenerative strategy in recent years. In the present study, a novel liquid platelet formulation prepared without the use of anti-coagulants (injectable-platelet-rich fibrin, i-PRF) was compared to standard platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with gingival fibroblasts cultured on smooth and roughened titanium implant surfaces. Standard PRP and i-PRF (centrifuged at 700 rpm (60× g) for 3 min) were compared by assays for fibroblast biocompatibility, migration, adhesion, proliferation, as well as expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), collagen1 (COL1) and fibronectin (FN). The results demonstrate that i-PRF induced significantly higher cell migration, as well as higher messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of PDGF, TGF-β, collagen1 and fibronectin when compared to PRP. Furthermore, collagen1 synthesis was highest in the i-PRF group. These findings demonstrate that liquid platelet concentrates can be formulated without the use of anticoagulants and present much translational potential for future research. Future animal and clinical trials are now necessary to further investigate the potential of utilizing i-PRF for soft tissue regenerative protocols in combination with various biomaterials.
Boswellia serrata gum resin extracts (frankincense) have been used for centuries in folk medicine in Asia and Africa. They have shown beneficial therapeutic effects, particularly in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. Clinical studies on humans confirmed an anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer potential of Frankincense preparations. Boswellic acids (BAs) are the major ingredients, responsible for the pharmacological action of the extracts. Molecular and cellular studies with BAs revealed a number of targets including 5-lipoxygenase (LO), topoisomerases and the NF-κB pathway. Since there is little information on the modulation of cellular physiology by BAs, this work was designed to provide a detailed investigation of the cellular and molecular effects of BAs in several cell types related to inflammation. We report that 11-keto-BAs are potent activators of functional responses in human neutrophils, a type of leukocytes mediating acute inflammatory processes. Neutrophil activation by 11-keto-BAs is reflected by enhanced generation of oxygen radicals, release of arachidonic acid (AA) and the subsequent transformation of AA to pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Investigation of the participating signalling pathways identified Ca2+, phosphoinositide-3 kinase, and members of the MAP kinase family (ERKs) as mediators. Second, we present a detailed study of the modulation of human platelet physiology and intracellular signalling events by BAs. Intriguingly, we discovered an inverse structure-activity relationship of BAs regarding platelet activation, with 11-methylene-BAs being superior over 11-keto-BAs. Thus, 11-methylene-BAs stimulated platelet Ca2+ mobilisation, MAP kinase and Akt activation, AA release, 12-LO and cyclooxygenase product formation, and thrombin generation. Novel Ca2+-independent activation pathways of platelet lipid metabolism were discovered. In contrast, 11-keto-BAs were inactive but found to inhibit platelet (p)12-LO directly. Interaction with p12-LO was confirmed in a pulldown assay using immobilised BAs as bait. Finally, BAs were shown to attenuate the activation of monocytes, a cell type responsible for the maintenance of chronic inflammatory states. Impairment of Ca2+ homeostasis is likely conferred by inhibition of Ca2+ influx channels. Taken together, our results shed light on the modulation of intracellular physiology of inflammatory cells by BAs, contributing to a better understanding of the anti-inflammatory effects exerted by frankincense preparations.
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a blood concentrate derived from venous blood that is processed without anticoagulants by a one-step centrifugation process. This three-dimensional scaffold contains inflammatory cells and plasma proteins entrapped in a fibrin matrix. Liquid-PRF was developed based on the previously described low-speed centrifuge concept (LSCC), which allowed the introduction of a liquid-PRF formulation of fibrinogen and thrombin prior to its conversion to fibrin. Liquid-PRF was introduced to meet the clinical demand for combination with biomaterials in a clinically applicable and easy-to-use way. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, ex vivo, the interaction of the liquid-PRF constituents with five different collagen biomaterials by histological analyses. The results first demonstrated that large variability existed between the biomaterials investigated. Liquid-PRF was able to completely invade Mucograft® (MG; Geistlich Biomaterials, Wolhusen, Switzerland) and to partly invade Bio-Gide® (BG; Geistlich Biomaterials, Wolhusen, Switzerland) and Mucoderm® (MD; Botiss Biomaterials, Berlin, Germany), and Collprotect® (CP; Botiss Biomaterials, Berlin, Germany) showed only a superficial interaction. The BEGO® collagen membrane (BCM; BEGO Implant Systems) appeared to be completely free of liquid-PRF. These results were confirmed by the different cellular penetration and liquid-PRF absorption coefficient (PAC) values of the evaluated membranes. The present study demonstrates a system for loading biomaterials with a complex autologous cell system (liquid-PRF) in a relatively short period of time and in a clinically relevant manner. The combination of biomaterials with liquid-PRF may be clinically utilized to enhance the bioactivity of collagen-based biomaterials and may act as a biomaterial-based growth factor delivery system.
Background: In the past, protease inhibitors (PIs) and the reverse transcriptase inhibitor abacavir were identified increasing the risk for thromboembolic complications and cardiovascular events (CVE) of HIV infected patients taking a combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Results of the previous HIV-PLA I-study lead to the assumption that platelet activation could play a substantial role in increasing CVE risks.
Methods: The open label, monocentric HIV-PLA II-study investigated HIV-1-infected, therapy-naïve adults (n=45) starting with cART, consisting either of boosted PI (atazanavir, n= 6, darunavir, n=11), NNRTI (efavirenz, n=14) or integrase inhibitor (raltegravir, n=14), each plus tenofovir/emtricitabine co-medication. Main exclusion criteria were tobacco smoking, the intake of NSAIDs or abacavir or past CVE. Platelet adhesive molecule p-selectin (CD62P) and FITC anti-human Integrin α-IIb/Integrin β-3 (CD41/CD61) antibody (PAC-1) binding, monocyte CD11b/monocyte-associated CD41 expression and the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) were assessed ex vivo-in vitro at baseline, weeks 4, 12 and 24. Therapy regimens were blinded to the investigators for laboratory and statistical analyses.
Results: CD11b and ETP showed no significant changes or differences between all study groups. In contrast, the mean + SD mean fluorescence units (MFI) of CD62P and PAC-1 increased significantly in patients taking PI, indicating an enhanced potential for thrombocyte activation and aggregation.
Conclusion: CD62P expression, detecting the ɑ-platelet degranulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic factors and adhesive proteins, and PAC-1 expression, representing a marker for conformation changes of the GIIb/IIIa receptor, increased significantly in patients taking HIV protease inhibitors. The findings of this study revealed a yet unknown pathway of platelet activation, possibly contributing to the increased risk for CVE under HIV protease inhibitor containing cART.
Clinical Trial Registration No.: DRKS00000288.
Mechanistische Untersuchungen zur Modulation der zytosolischen Phospholipase A2 durch Hyperforin
(2009)
Aus der Familie der Phospholipasen A2 nimmt die zytosolische Phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in der Bereitstellung von Arachidonsäure (AA) für die Produktion von entzündungsfördernden Eikosanoiden und Lysophospholipiden eine Schlüsselrolle ein. Inwieweit die Modulation dieses Enzyms zum antientzündlichen Wirkspektrum von Hyperforin beiträgt, war Gegenstand dieser Arbeit. Hyperforin als Bestandteil des Johanniskrauts greift auf vielfältige Art und Weise in Entzündungsprozesse ein und hemmt unter anderem die Aktivität der 5-Lipoxygenase und Cyclooxygenase-1 in mikromolaren Konzentrationen. Zur Erforschung der cPLA2 als weitere potentielle Zielstruktur wurden die Effekte Hyperforins auf frisch isolierte humane polymorphkernigen Leukozyten (PMNL) und Thrombozyten untersucht. Dabei ergaben sich erstaunlich widersprüchliche Ergebnisse. Während in PMNL die A23187- und Thapsigargin-induzierte AA-Freisetzung potent unterdrückt wurde (IC50 = 1,5 bis 1,9 µM), konnte Hyperforin die cPLA2-Aktivität in Thrombozyten nach A23187-Stimulation nicht und nach Thrombin-Induktion nur leicht beeinträchtigen. Hingegen resultierte aus der Behandlung von Thrombozyten mit 10 µM Hyperforin eine 2,6- bzw. 8,1-fache Steigerung der AA-Freisetzung und 12-Hydro(pero)xyeikosatetraensäure(H(P)ETE)-Produktion, die von einer Translokation der cPLA2 an die Plasmamembran begleitet war. In PMNL wurde eine Aktivierung der cPLA2 nicht beobachtet. Diese widersprüchlichen Befunde führten zu näheren mechanistischen Untersuchungen. Insbesondere der Einstrom von Ca2+, wie auch die Aktivierung von mitogenaktivierten Proteinkinasen (MAPK) tragen in PMNL und Thrombozyten zur cPLA2-Aktivierung bei. Allerdings konnte eine Beeinträchtigung dieser Signaltransduktionswege durch Hyperforin ausgeschlossen werden. In PMNL wird der durch A23187- oder Thapsigargin-induzierte Ca2+-Einstrom nicht inhibiert und die Aktivierung der entsprechenden MAPK konnte durch Hyperforin (bis zu 10 µM) nicht vermindert werden. In Thrombozyten wurde die Translokation der cPLA2 sowie die AA- und 12-H(P)ETE-Produktion durch die Chelatierung von extra- und intrazellulärem Ca2+ nicht gehemmt. Auch die Unterbindung der Phosphorylierung der cPLA2 durch Hemmung der MAPK-Aktivierung konnte die Aktivierung der cPLA2 nicht verhindern. In zellfreien Untersuchungen an aufgereinigtem Enzym zeigte Hyperforin weder hemmende noch aktivierende Effekte, wenn Liposomen aus 1-Palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phospatidylcholin (PAPC) eingesetzt wurden. Nach Einbau von Dipalmitoylphosphatidylinositol-4,5-diphosphat, 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol und Cholesterol in PAPC-Liposomen sowie gegenüber Lipid-Raft-Adaptionen (PAPC/Sphingomyelin/Cholesterol 1:1:1) zeigte Hyperforin allerdings inhibitorisches Potential (IC50 = 13,2 µM, 7,6 µM, 5,5 µM und 4,4 µM). Aktivierende Effekte des Hyperforins konnten in Abwesenheit von Ca2+ beobachtet werden, wenn cholesterolhaltige, Lipid-Raft-artige- oder 1-Palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phospatidylethanolamin(PAPE)-Vesikel eingesetzt wurden. 10 bis 30 µM Hyperforin erhöhten die AA-Freisetzung 3,3- bis 7,3-fach, wobei die Bindung des Enzyms an Liposomen mit Cholesterol und Lipid-Raft-Strukturen, aber nicht gegenüber dem PAPE-Substrat verstärkt war. Alle Effekte konnten durch die Zerstörung der Membranoberfläche und –struktur nach Zugabe von Triton-X-100 aufgehoben werden, wodurch die Bedeutung der Struktur der Lipidaggregate für die Hyperforinwirkung in den Vordergrund tritt. Darüber hinaus konnte die essentielle Rolle der vinylogen Carbonsäurestruktur des Hyperforins gezeigt werden, da ein O-Methylester des Hyperforins weder die Hemmung der cPLA2 in PMNL noch deren Aktivierung in Thrombozyten reproduzieren konnte und im Liposomenassay nur eine unspezifische Aktivierung der cPLA2 unabhängig von der Membranstruktur bewirkte. Neben der cPLA2-Aktivität wurde auch die Dichte der Liposomen abhängig von der Membranstruktur durch Hyperforin moduliert, allerdings konnten Änderungen der Membrandichte nicht mit Einflüssen auf die Enzymaktivität korreliert werden. Weiterhin wurden in Zusammenarbeit mit der Arbeitsgruppe Prof. Glaubitz, Universität Frankfurt, 1H-MAS-NMR-NOESY-Spektren von Liposomen aus 1-Palmitoyl(D31)-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholin mit integriertem Hyperforin aufgenommen. Das sich aus der Analyse der Spektren ergebende Modell postuliert die Lokalisation des sauerstoffreichen Bizyklus des Hyperforins im Kopfgruppenbereich der Lipide und eine Penetration der Isoprenylgruppen in die hydrophobe Schicht der Membranen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit in intakten Zellen und zellfreien Systemen verweisen somit auf komplexe Zusammenhänge, bei denen Interkalationen von Hyperforin mit speziellen Membranstrukturen im Vordergrund stehen. Die unspezifische Einlagerung der lipophilen Substanz Hyperforin in zelluläre Membrankompartimente könnte somit unter Umgehung der regulären Signaltransduktionswege zelltypabhängig die cPLA2-Aktivität modulieren.
Platelets comprise a highly interactive immune cell subset of the circulatory system traditionally known for their unique haemostatic properties. Although platelets are considered as a vault of growth factors, cytokines and chemokines with pivotal role in vascular regeneration and angiogenesis, the exact mechanisms by which they influence vascular endothelial cells (ECs) function remain underappreciated. In the present study, we examined the role of human IL-17A/IL-17RA axis in platelet-mediated pro-angiogenic responses. We reveal that IL-17A receptor (IL-17RA) mRNA is present in platelets transcriptome and a profound increase is documented on the surface of activated platelets. By quantifying the protein levels of several factors, involved in angiogenesis, we identified that IL-17A/IL17RA axis selectively induces the release of vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin -2 and -4, as well as monocyte chemoattractant protein -1 from treated platelets. However, IL-17A exerted no effect on the release of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory factor with potentially anti-angiogenic properties, from platelets. Treatment of human endothelial cell two-dimensional tubule networks or three-dimensional spheroid and mouse aortic ring structures with IL-17A-induced platelet releasate evoked pro-angiogenic responses of ECs. Our findings suggest that IL-17A may critically affect platelet release of pro-angiogenic factors driving ECs towards a pro-angiogenic state.
Novel insights into the regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by platelet-cancer cell cross-talk
(2015)
Platelets are activated by the interaction with cancer cells and release enhanced levels of lipid mediators [such as thromboxane (TX)A2 and prostaglandin (PG)E2, generated from arachidonic acid (AA) by the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1], granule content, including ADP and growth factors, chemokines, proteases and Wnt proteins. Moreover, activated platelets shed different vesicles, such as microparticles (MPs) and exosomes (rich in genetic material such as mRNAs and miRNAs). These platelet-derived products induce several phenotypic changes in cancer cells which confer high metastatic capacity. A central event involves an aberrant expression of COX-2 which influences cell-cycle progression and contribute to the acquisition of a cell migratory phenotype through the induction of epithelial mesenchymal transition genes and down-regulation of E-cadherin expression. The identification of novel molecular determinants involved in the cross-talk between platelets and cancer cells has led to identify novel targets for anti-cancer drug development.
Essentials
• The role of platelet IL-1β release in chronic inflammation is currently unclear.
• Platelets from 65 patients with varying degrees of chronic inflammation were studied.
• Chronic inflammation linked to reduced levels of intracellular IL-1β and IL-1β release.
• Chronic inflammation induces a phenotype that indicates chronic IL-1β release from platelets.
Abstract
Background: Chronic inflammation is a cardiovascular risk factor, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is central to the inflammatory host response. Platelets contain the NLRP3 inflammasome and are able to translate IL-1β messenger RNA (mRNA) and secrete mature IL-1β upon activation. However, the role of a chronic inflammatory environment in platelet IL-1β mRNA and protein content remains unclear.
Objectives: The aim of the current study was to investigate intracellular platelet IL-1β and IL-1β mRNA in a chronic inflammatory state.
Methods: Sixty-five patients with stable inflammation (ie, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein within predefined margins in 2 separate measurements) were stratified according to high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in low (0.0-0.9 mg/L), medium (1.0-2.9 mg/L), and high (3.0-9.9 mg/L) risk groups. Platelet reactivity as well as platelet IL-1β protein synthesis were studied.
Results: The highest risk group was characterized by a distinct cardiovascular risk profile and approximately 20% higher platelet counts. While platelet reactivity was not different, a reduction in intracellular platelet IL-1β mRNA and IL-1β protein levels was observed in the highest risk group and was linked to decreased platelet size and granularity. This signature suggests a phenotype of chronic IL-1β secretion and could be experimentally phenocopied by stimulation of platelets from healthy volunteers with either TRAP-6 or collagen related peptide (CRP-XL).
Conclusion: Our data suggest a phenotype of chronic IL-1β secretion by platelets in patients with chronic sterile inflammation.