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Given Tournier's own indication that the story of Taor in the last part of "Gaspard, Mechior & Balthazar" came to him from Edzard Schaper's "Die Legende vom vierten König" and Henry van Dyke's "The story of the other wise man", this article compares the three texts in order to determine their respective theological perspectives. It is argued that Schaper's and van Dyke's respective tales constitute meditations on the sheep and the goats pericope from Matthew 24. Tournier's tale, on the other hand, involves a different theological focus: the first temptation of Christ from Matthew 4:14 as this pericope relates to Deuteronomy 8:2-3. This shift in focus makes food central to the spiritual journey of Tournier's protagonist: the gluttonous Taor makes a symbolic transition from "living on bread alone" to living by "every word that comes out of the mouth of God" (the bread of the Eucharist). It is argued that because Taor begins his journey from the spiritually immature (from a Christian perspective) position of the Israelites in Exodus 16, his starting point is pre-Christological and, therefore, his journey is far greater than those of Schaper's and van Dyke's respective protagonists. The latter possess rudimentary Christological knowledge right from the start and therefore undergo less extensive spiritual metamorphosis than does Taor.
A tradução de Samuel Putnam de "Os Sertões" : "Rebellion in the Backlands" de Euclides da Cunha
(1997)
The present paper looks at certain aspects of Samuel Putnam's translation of Euclides da Cunha's "Os Sertões", "Rebellion in the Backlands". Of great importance is the fact that "Os Sertões", usually seen as a work of literature in Brazil, is seen more as a factual narrative in English, and placed by its publisher, the University of Chicago Press, in the Literature/History section. Putnam also adds a large number of footnotes to those of Euclides de Cunha. Also of interest is the fact that Putnam, translating just when the US was entering the Second World War, goes to great lengths in his preface to emphasize how close "Os Sertões" is to the American experience of division in both the Civil War and the entrance of the US into the Second World War.
Leitende Hypothese meiner Untersuchung ist, daß die Kanonisierung der „Commedia“, die in einer komplexen Situation am Ursprung des neuzeitlichen Literaturbegriffs entstand, nicht einfach als aemulatio literarischer Vorbilder erfolgen konnte, sondern sich auch auf andere, nichtliterarische Begründungen stützen mußte. Die Schwellenposition des Werkes läßt sich gerade an den heterogenen und widersprüchlichen Strategien seiner Kanonisierung ablesen, die es als sakralen, philosophischen, wissenschaftlichen, moralisch-didaktischen oder politischen Text zu legitimieren versuchen. Als Ausgangspunkt wähle ich Harold Blooms Interpretation […] in „The Western Canon“ […]. Ich möchte zeigen, daß Blooms Interpretation der „Commedia“ als "misreading" von Vorbildautoren selbst ein "misreading" darstellt, weil er die „Commedia“ zu einem rein literarischen Text verkürzt. Andererseits ermöglicht Blooms Einseitigkeit es aber auch, entgegengesetzte Tendenzen der Dante-Forschung einzuschränken, welche die „Commedia“ allzu glatt in die theologische Tradition einordnen. [Ich] möchte […] diese These insbesondere am Beispiel der berühmten Passage über Odysseus' letzte Fahrt aus dem 26. Gesang des Inferno plausibel machen, indem ich Blooms Interpretation der Odysseusfigur mit entsprechenden Ausführungen der ersten Kommentatoren der „Commedia“ aus dem 14. Jahrhundert vergleiche. Nach dieser Beispielanalyse gehe ich auf Dantes eigene Strategien ein, die „Commedia“ als Werk von kanonischer Geltung zu inszenieren.
This paper focusses On the discussion of the preservation of expressive aspects in translation., Considerations are grounded on the HJELMSLEVian concepts of the isomorphy between the planes of content and expression, which are both constituted by-substance and form. The present study intends to show that the connotative equivalence of a text can only be achieved in the target language when attention is paid to both the formal-stylistic and the textual-normative dimensions. This involves the appropriation of the stylistic values of the linguistic expression in the source language and, mainly, the understanding of the tropes and the relationships between them. Thus, the present study draws on discourse analysis, comprehending "enunciation" theories and the rhetorical and pragmatic considerations on the level of expression. Considering that the literary text is privileged in providing stylistically marked choices, it is important to highlight the phonetic and semantic correspondences, that is, the close relationship between sound and meaning, which harbours one of the major difficulties in translation. The theory is applied to "Os Sertões" (English translation: "Rebellion on the Backlands") by Euclides da Cunha.
The title "Paul Celan: Expression of the unspeakable" explains Celan's technique of showing the crude reality of the Third Reich with simple linguistic means, using traditional topoi of the lyric. Celan also questions the German language after Auschwitz in his poem Todesfuge.