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Health-care personnel (HCP) are exposed to infectious diseases throughout the course of their work. The concerns of pregnant HCP are considerable because certain otherwise mild infections may affect fetal development. We studied 424 pregnant HCP at the University Hospital Frankfurt / Germany between March 2007 and July 2011. Serological tests were carried out for varicella zoster virus (VZV), measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and parvovirus B19. Our overall seroprevalence data with regard to VZV, MMR, CMV and parvovirus B 19 corresponded to the general population. It was striking that, only 57.1% of the study population was immune against the four vaccine-preventable diseases (MMR, VZV). Our study suggests that a comprehensive approach to improving the vaccination status of said HCP before pregnancy is paramount.
In our previous work we showed that NGAL, a protein involved in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation, is overexpressed in human breast cancer (BC) and predicts poor prognosis. In neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) pathological complete response (pCR) is a predictor for outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate NGAL as a predictor of response to NACT and to validate NGAL as a prognostic factor for clinical outcome in patients with primary BC. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue microarrays from 652 core biopsies from BC patients, who underwent NACT in the GeparTrio trial. NGAL expression and intensity was evaluated separately. NGAL was detected in 42.2% of the breast carcinomas in the cytoplasm. NGAL expression correlated with negative hormone receptor (HR) status, but not with other baseline parameters. NGAL expression did not correlate with pCR in the full population, however, NGAL expression and staining intensity were significantly associated with higher pCR rates in patients with positive HR status. In addition, strong NGAL expression correlated with higher pCR rates in node negative patients, patients with histological grade 1 or 2 tumors and a tumor size <40 mm. In univariate survival analysis, positive NGAL expression and strong staining intensity correlated with decreased disease-free survival (DFS) in the entire cohort and different subgroups, including HR positive patients. Similar correlations were found for intense staining and decreased overall survival (OS). In multivariate analysis, NGAL expression remained an independent prognostic factor for DFS. The results show that in low-risk subgroups, NGAL was found to be a predictive marker for pCR after NACT. Furthermore, NGAL could be validated as an independent prognostic factor for decreased DFS in primary human BC.
Die allergische Rhinitis hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten durch Anstieg der Prävalenz und Zunahme von Symptomhäufigkeit und -schwere zu einem global bedeutsamen und kostenintensiven Gesundheitsproblem entwickelt. Mit Hilfe der derzeit geltenden Behandlungsoptionen kann eine deutliche Verbesserung der Lebensqualität erzielt werden, eine langfristige Heilung ist bislang eher selten und eine Prophylaxe von Neuerkrankungen kaum möglich. Aufgrund des hohen Forschungsaufkommens zur AR existieren weltweit eine Vielzahl an Publikationen, welche z. B. Untersuchungen zur Entschlüsselung der Pathomechanismen dieser multifaktoriellen Erkrankung, Studien für effektive pharmakologische Therapien und Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der Immunmodulation beinhalten.
In dieser Arbeit wurde eine quantitative Analyse dieser wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten unter Zuhilfenahme von szientometrische Verfahren durchgeführt, wobei auf die Daten der Datenbank des "ISI Web of Science" zurückgegriffen wurde. Nach Festlegung eines komplexen Suchbegriffes, der alle relevanten Arbeiten zum Thema der AR einschließt, wurden die 11.951 im ISI WoS veröffentlichten Publikationen (Zeitraum von 1900-2007) im Rahmen von unterschiedlichsten Fragestellungen untersucht und die Ergebnisse kritisch begutachtet. Für die Darstellung der Fakten mit der höchsten Relevanz wurden verschiedene Diagrammarten zur grafischen Präsentation gewählt. Globale Sachverhalte wurden überwiegend anhand von Diffusionskartenanamorphoten veranschaulicht.
Seit Beginn der 90er-Jahre ist ein sprunghafter Anstieg von wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen zum Thema der AR zu konstatieren. Die höchste Zahl an Veröffentlichungen konnte für das letzte Jahr der Analyse mit 923 Artikeln festgestellt werden. Anhand der seit 1991 stark zunehmenden Anzahl an Veröffentlichungen und den bereits seit Mitte der 80er-Jahre anhaltend hohen Zitationszahlen kann spätestens mit Beginn der 90er-Jahre ein großes wissenschaftliches Interesse an der AR insbesondere in den Industrienationen abgelesen werden, welches scheinbar bis zum letzten Analysejahr fortbestand. Fast 50% aller veröffentlichten Artikel stammen aus nur 4 Industrienationen. Dazu zählen die USA, das UK, Deutschland und Japan, wovon allein die USA fast ein Viertel der gesamten Publikationen auf sich vereint.
Mehr als 90% der analysierten wissenschaftlichen Artikel aus über 110 Herkunftsländern wurden in englischer Sprache veröffentlicht. Etwas über 4% aller Artikel wurden in deutscher und ca. 2% in französischer Sprache publiziert.
Bei den Zeitschriftenanalysen hatten vor allem auf Allergie und Immunologie spezialisierte Zeitschriften die größte Anzahl an Veröffentlichungen zu verzeichnen, wobei die Journale "Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology" und "Allergy" die meisten Artikel (jeweils über 1.000 Publikationen) veröffentlicht haben. Die Fachzeitschrift "Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology" wurde mit Abstand am häufigsten zitiert (35.572 Zitate). Die höchsten Zitationsraten wurden für die weltweit bekannten und renommierten Fachjournale "The New England Journal of Medicine" und "The Lancet" ermittelt.
Nach Ländern gewichtet, wurden vor allem Publikationen aus den USA, dem UK und Deutschland äußerst häufig zitiert. Auch die ermittelten H-Indices dieser 3 Länder waren die höchsten, was bei den Untersuchungen jedoch in direktem Zusammenhang mit der großen Zahl an von diesen Ländern hervorgebrachten wissenschaftlichen Artikel gesehen werden muss. Bei Betrachtung der Zitationsraten liegen beispielsweise andere Länder, wie z. B. Neuseeland, Indien, Norwegen und Finnland, an der Spitze, obwohl dort deutlich weniger Artikel veröffentlicht wurden.
Im Rahmen der Analysen dieser Arbeit konnte aufgezeigt werden, dass die Zahl der Kooperationen zwischen Autoren und Ländern in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen hat. Als Gründe können z. B. die verbesserten internationalen Beziehungen, die Globalisierung, sowie die sich ständig weiterentwickelnden technischen Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten hervorgehoben werden. Sehr intensive wissenschaftliche Beziehungen konnten zwischen den USA und dem UK, sowie den USA und Kanada, aber auch innerhalb Europas, z. B. zwischen dem UK und Schweden, festgestellt werden.
Die Analysen dieser Arbeit geben für die Datenbank "ISI WoS" in dem untersuchten Zeitraum ein v. a. in den Industrienationen bestehendes, aber tendenziell weltweit zunehmendes Forschungsinteresse zum Thema der AR wieder, wobei v. a. in den letzten Jahren ein Anstieg von nationalen und internationalen Kooperationsbeziehungen zu beobachten war. In den nächsten Jahrzehnten wird sich zeigen inwieweit sich das Publikationsverhalten entwickeln wird und ob beständige Forschung auf diesem Gebiet zu einer deutlichen Reduktion der hohen Prävalenz beitragen kann. Für die Betroffenen bleibt zu hoffen, dass in Zukunft weitere wichtige Erkenntnisse über diese Erkrankung gewonnen und daraus optimierte Behandlungsmöglichkeiten resultieren werden.
Aim: Cellular CD81 is a well characterized hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry factor, while the relevance of soluble exosomal CD81 in HCV pathogenesis is poorly defined. We performed a case-control study to investigate whether soluble CD81 in the exosomal serum fraction is associated with HCV replication and inflammatory activity.
Patients and Methods: Four cohorts were investigated, patients with chronic hepatitis C (n = 37), patients with chronic HCV infection and persistently normal ALT levels (n = 24), patients with long term sustained virologic response (SVR, n = 7), and healthy volunteers (n = 23). Concentration of soluble CD81 was assessed semi-quantitatively after differential centrifugation ranging from 200 g to 100,000 g in the fifth centrifugation fraction by immunoblotting and densitometry.
Results: Soluble CD81 was increased in patients with chronic hepatitis C compared to healthy subjects (p = 0.03) and cured patients (p = 0.017). Patients with chronic HCV infection and persistently normal ALT levels and patients with long term SVR had similar soluble CD81 levels as healthy controls (p>0.2). Overall, soluble CD81 levels were associated with ALT levels (r = 0.334, p = 0.016) and severe liver fibrosis (p = 0.027).
Conclusion: CD81 is increased in the exosomal serum fraction in patients with chronic hepatitis C and appears to be associated with inflammatory activity and severity of fibrosis.
Activation of TRPC6 channels is essential for lung ischaemia–reperfusion induced oedema in mice
(2012)
Lung ischaemia–reperfusion-induced oedema (LIRE) is a life-threatening condition that causes pulmonary oedema induced by endothelial dysfunction. Here we show that lungs from mice lacking nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox2y/−) or the classical transient receptor potential channel 6 (TRPC6−/−) are protected from LIR-induced oedema (LIRE). Generation of chimeric mice by bone marrow cell transplantation and endothelial-specific Nox2 deletion showed that endothelial Nox2, but not leukocytic Nox2 or TRPC6, are responsible for LIRE. Lung endothelial cells from Nox2- or TRPC6-deficient mice showed attenuated ischaemia-induced Ca2+ influx, cellular shape changes and impaired barrier function. Production of reactive oxygen species was completely abolished in Nox2y/− cells. A novel mechanistic model comprising endothelial Nox2-derived production of superoxide, activation of phospholipase C-γ, inhibition of diacylglycerol (DAG) kinase, DAG-mediated activation of TRPC6 and ensuing LIRE is supported by pharmacological and molecular evidence. This mechanism highlights novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of LIRE.
Background: Adaptation to low oxygen by changing gene expression is vitally important for cell survival and tissue development. The sprouting of new blood vessels, initiated from endothelial cells, restores the oxygen supply of ischemic tissues. In contrast to the transcriptional response induced by hypoxia, which is mainly mediated by members of the HIF family, there are only few studies investigating alternative splicing events. Therefore, we performed an exon array for the genome-wide analysis of hypoxia-related changes of alternative splicing in endothelial cells.
Methodology/Principal findings: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated under hypoxic conditions (1% O(2)) for 48 h. Genome-wide transcript and exon expression levels were assessed using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Exon 1.0 ST Array. We found altered expression of 294 genes after hypoxia treatment. Upregulated genes are highly enriched in glucose metabolism and angiogenesis related processes, whereas downregulated genes are mainly connected to cell cycle and DNA repair. Thus, gene expression patterns recapitulate known adaptations to low oxygen supply. Alternative splicing events, until now not related to hypoxia, are shown for nine genes: six which are implicated in angiogenesis-mediated cytoskeleton remodeling (cask, itsn1, larp6, sptan1, tpm1 and robo1); one, which is involved in the synthesis of membrane-anchors (pign) and two universal regulators of gene expression (cugbp1 and max).
Conclusions/Significance: For the first time, this study investigates changes in splicing in the physiological response to hypoxia on a genome-wide scale. Nine alternative splicing events, until now not related to hypoxia, are reported, considerably expanding the information on splicing changes due to low oxygen supply. Therefore, this study provides further knowledge on hypoxia induced gene expression changes and presents new starting points to study the hypoxia adaptation of endothelial cells.
Background: Panic disorder is common (5% prevalence) and females are twice as likely to be affected as males. The heritable component of panic disorder is estimated at 48%. Glutamic acid dehydrogenase GAD1, the key enzyme for the synthesis of the inhibitory and anxiolytic neurotransmitter GABA, is supposed to influence various mental disorders, including mood and anxiety disorders. In a recent association study in depression, which is highly comorbid with panic disorder, GAD1 risk allele associations were restricted to females.
Methodology/Principal Findings: Nineteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tagging the common variation in GAD1 were genotyped in two independent gender and age matched case-control samples (discovery sample n = 478; replication sample n = 584). Thirteen SNPs passed quality control and were examined for gender-specific enrichment of risk alleles associated with panic disorder by using logistic regression including a genotype×gender interaction term. The latter was found to be nominally significant for four SNPs (rs1978340, rs3762555, rs3749034, rs2241165) in the discovery sample; of note, the respective minor/risk alleles were associated with panic disorder only in females. These findings were not confirmed in the replication sample; however, the genotype×gender interaction of rs3749034 remained significant in the combined sample. Furthermore, this polymorphism showed a nominally significant association with the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire sum score.
Conclusions/Significance: The present study represents the first systematic evaluation of gender-specific enrichment of risk alleles of the common SNP variation in the panic disorder candidate gene GAD1. Our tentative results provide a possible explanation for the higher susceptibility of females to panic disorder.
Development of single-port cholecystectomy : results of a case-control study matched to one surgeon
(2012)
Background: Single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy is an evolving technique which is now widely established. Up until now, the safety of the procedure and a respective learning curve have not been adequately reported in most studies. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that single-port cholecystectomy is a safe procedure, with a positive learning curve from a case-control study matched to one surgeon.
Methods: One hundred single-port cholecystectomies performed by one surgeon (AB) were retrospectively matched to 100 patients who underwent conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy carried out by the same surgeon. The two groups were matched in respect of surgical indication, gender, age, and body mass index. The groups were compared with respect to operation time, use of additional trocars, analgesics required in the post anesthesia care unit, postoperative complications, and duration of hospital stay.
Results: No significant difference was found between the two groups with respect to postoperative complications and stay in hospital. The operation time increased slightly in the single-port group. Directly after the operation, the analgesic use required in the post anesthesia care unit was higher in the single-port group. Consumption of analgesics on the surgical ward was very similar in each group. In respect to the learning curve, the operation time and use of additional trocars showed a positive trend, starting with the thirtieth operation.
Conclusion: Single-port cholecystectomy is a feasible and safe procedure in a specialist setting. The procedure can be done under the same safety rules as those for conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Considering the learning curve, starting with the thirtieth operation, a positive trend was seen. Long-term studies will be needed to establish the incidence and rate of incisional hernias.
Purpose: Student circus artists train as both artists and athletes with their bodies holding the key to professional success. The daily training load of student circus artists is often associated with maximum physical and psychological stress with injuries posing a threat to a potential professional career. The purpose of this study is the differentiated analysis and evaluation of work accidents in order to initiate the development of injury preventive programs.
Methods: The 17 years of data were obtained from standardized anonymous work accident records of the Berlin State Accident Insurance (UKB) as well as a State Artist Educational School (n = 169, Male: 70; Female: 99) from student artists. Evaluation and descriptive statistics were conducted with Excel 2007 and PASW Statistics 18.
Results: The injury risk seems to be relatively low (0.3 injuries/1000h). There are gender specific differences as to the location of injuries. Only 7% of the accidents demand a break of more than 3 days. Injury patterns vary depending on the activity and the employment of props/equipment. 75.2% of work accidents have multifactorial and 24.8% exogenous causes.
Conclusions: Because physical fitness is all important in the circus arts there are numerous options for injury prevention programs that should be realized subject to gender-specific differences. Follow-ups on chronic complaints and a more individual approach are indispensable due to the very specific activities in the circus arts.
Altered metabolism in tumor cells is increasingly recognized as a core component of the neoplastic phenotype. Because p53 has emerged as a master metabolic regulator, we hypothesized that the presence of wild-type p53 in glioblastoma cells could confer a selective advantage to these cells under the adverse conditions of the glioma microenvironment. Here, we report on the effects of the p53-dependent effector Tp53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) on hypoxia-induced cell death. We demonstrate that TIGAR is overexpressed in glioblastomas and that ectopic expression of TIGAR reduces cell death induced by glucose and oxygen restriction. Metabolic analyses revealed that TIGAR inhibits glycolysis and promotes respiration. Further, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels was reduced whereas levels of reduced glutathione were elevated in TIGAR-expressing cells. Finally, inhibiting the transketolase isoenzyme transketolase-like 1 (TKTL1) by siRNA reversed theses effects of TIGAR. These findings suggest that glioma cells benefit from TIGAR expression by (i) improving energy yield from glucose via increased respiration and (ii) enhancing defense mechanisms against ROS. Targeting metabolic regulators such as TIGAR may therefore be a valuable strategy to enhance glioma cell sensitivity toward spontaneously occurring or therapy-induced starvation conditions or ROS-inducing therapeutic approaches.