Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (300)
- Doctoral Thesis (97)
- Preprint (46)
- Book (37)
- Contribution to a Periodical (17)
- Part of Periodical (14)
- Part of a Book (11)
- Conference Proceeding (9)
- Report (3)
- Review (3)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (545)
Keywords
- fMRI (10)
- EEG (9)
- working memory (9)
- confirmatory factor analysis (7)
- episodic memory (7)
- ADHD (5)
- Behavior (5)
- Depression (5)
- aging (5)
- Functional connectivity (4)
Institute
- Psychologie (545) (remove)
To a crucial extent, the efficiency of reading results from the fact that visual word recognition is faster in predictive contexts. Predictive coding models suggest that this facilitation results from pre-activation of predictable stimulus features across multiple representational levels before stimulus onset. Still, it is not sufficiently understood which aspects of the rich set of linguistic representations that are activated during reading—visual, orthographic, phonological, and/or lexical-semantic—contribute to context-dependent facilitation. To investigate in detail which linguistic representations are pre-activated in a predictive context and how they affect subsequent stimulus processing, we combined a well-controlled repetition priming paradigm, including words and pseudowords (i.e., pronounceable nonwords), with behavioral and magnetoencephalography measurements. For statistical analysis, we used linear mixed modeling, which we found had a higher statistical power compared to conventional multivariate pattern decoding analysis. Behavioral data from 49 participants indicate that word predictability (i.e., context present vs. absent) facilitated orthographic and lexical-semantic, but not visual or phonological processes. Magnetoencephalography data from 38 participants show sustained activation of orthographic and lexical-semantic representations in the interval before processing the predicted stimulus, suggesting selective pre-activation at multiple levels of linguistic representation as proposed by predictive coding. However, we found more robust lexical-semantic representations when processing predictable in contrast to unpredictable letter strings, and pre-activation effects mainly resembled brain responses elicited when processing the expected letter string. This finding suggests that pre-activation did not result in “explaining away” predictable stimulus features, but rather in a “sharpening” of brain responses involved in word processing.
To a crucial extent, the efficiency of reading results from the fact that visual word recognition is faster in predictive contexts. Predictive coding models suggest that this facilitation results from pre-activation of predictable stimulus features across multiple representational levels before stimulus onset. Still, it is not sufficiently understood which aspects of the rich set of linguistic representations that are activated during reading – visual, orthographic, phonological, and/or lexical-semantic – contribute to context-dependent facilitation. To investigate in detail which linguistic representations are pre-activated in a predictive context and how they affect subsequent stimulus processing, we combined a well-controlled repetition priming paradigm, including words and pseudowords (i.e., pronounceable nonwords), with behavioral and magnetoencephalography measurements. For statistical analysis, we used linear mixed modeling, which we found had a higher statistical power compared to conventional multivariate pattern decoding analysis. Behavioral data from 49 participants indicate that word predictability (i.e., context present vs. absent) facilitated orthographic and lexical-semantic, but not visual or phonological processes. Magnetoencephalography data from 38 participants show sustained activation of orthographic and lexical-semantic representations in the interval before processing the predicted stimulus, suggesting selective pre-activation at multiple levels of linguistic representation as proposed by predictive coding. However, we found more robust lexical-semantic representations when processing predictable in contrast to unpredictable letter strings, and pre-activation effects mainly resembled brain responses elicited when processing the expected letter string. This finding suggests that pre-activation did not result in ‘explaining away’ predictable stimulus features, but rather in a ‘sharpening’ of brain responses involved in word processing.
Word familiarity and predictive context facilitate visual word processing, leading to faster recognition times and reduced neuronal responses. Previously, models with and without top-down connections, including lexical-semantic, pre-lexical (e.g., orthographic/phonological), and visual processing levels were successful in accounting for these facilitation effects. Here we systematically assessed context-based facilitation with a repetition priming task and explicitly dissociated pre-lexical and lexical processing levels using a pseudoword (PW) familiarization procedure. Experiment 1 investigated the temporal dynamics of neuronal facilitation effects with magnetoencephalography (MEG; N = 38 human participants), while experiment 2 assessed behavioral facilitation effects (N = 24 human participants). Across all stimulus conditions, MEG demonstrated context-based facilitation across multiple time windows starting at 100 ms, in occipital brain areas. This finding indicates context-based facilitation at an early visual processing level. In both experiments, we furthermore found an interaction of context and lexical familiarity, such that stimuli with associated meaning showed the strongest context-dependent facilitation in brain activation and behavior. Using MEG, this facilitation effect could be localized to the left anterior temporal lobe at around 400 ms, indicating within-level (i.e., exclusively lexical-semantic) facilitation but no top-down effects on earlier processing stages. Increased pre-lexical familiarity (in PWs familiarized utilizing training) did not enhance or reduce context effects significantly. We conclude that context-based facilitation is achieved within visual and lexical processing levels. Finally, by testing alternative hypotheses derived from mechanistic accounts of repetition suppression, we suggest that the facilitatory context effects found here are implemented using a predictive coding mechanism.
Word familiarity and predictive context facilitate visual word processing, leading to faster recognition times and reduced neuronal responses. Previously, models with and without top-down connections, including lexical-semantic, pre-lexical (e.g., orthographic/ phonological), and visual processing levels were successful in accounting for these facilitation effects. Here we systematically assessed context-based facilitation with a repetition priming task and explicitly dissociated pre-lexical and lexical processing levels using a pseudoword familiarization procedure. Experiment 1 investigated the temporal dynamics of neuronal facilitation effects with magnetoencephalography (MEG; N=38 human participants) while Experiment 2 assessed behavioral facilitation effects (N=24 human participants). Across all stimulus conditions, MEG demonstrated context-based facilitation across multiple time windows starting at 100 ms, in occipital brain areas. This finding indicates context based-facilitation at an early visual processing level. In both experiments, we furthermore found an interaction of context and lexical familiarity, such that stimuli with associated meaning showed the strongest context-dependent facilitation in brain activation and behavior. Using MEG, this facilitation effect could be localized to the left anterior temporal lobe at around 400 ms, indicating within-level (i.e., exclusively lexical-semantic) facilitation but no top-down effects on earlier processing stages. Increased pre-lexical familiarity (in pseudowords familiarized utilizing training) did not enhance or reduce context effects significantly. We conclude that context based-facilitation is achieved within visual and lexical processing levels. Finally, by testing alternative hypotheses derived from mechanistic accounts of repetition suppression, we suggest that the facilitatory context effects found here are implemented using a predictive coding mechanism.
In this explorative study, we investigate how sequences of behaviour are related to success or failure in complex problem‐solving (CPS). To this end, we analysed log data from two different tasks of the problem‐solving assessment of the Programme for International Student Assessment 2012 study (n = 30,098 students). We first coded every interaction of students as (initial or repeated) exploration, (initial or repeated) goal‐directed behaviour, or resetting the task. We then split the data according to task successes and failures. We used full‐path sequence analysis to identify groups of students with similar behavioural patterns in the respective tasks. Double‐checking and minimalistic behaviour was associated with success in CPS, while guessing and exploring task‐irrelevant content was associated with failure. Our findings held for both tasks investigated, from two different CPS measurement frameworks. We thus gained detailed insight into the behavioural processes that are related to success and failure in CPS.
Mnemonic but not contextual feedback signals defy dedifferentiation in the aging early visual cortex
(2024)
Perception is an intricate interplay between feedforward visual input and internally generated feedback signals that comprise concurrent contextual and time-distant mnemonic (episodic and semantic) information. Yet, an unresolved question is how the composition of feedback signals changes across the lifespan and to what extent feedback signals undergo age-related dedifferentiation, that is, a decline in neural specificity. Previous research on this topic has focused on feedforward perceptual representation and episodic memory reinstatement, suggesting reduced fidelity of neural representations at the item and category levels. In this fMRI study, we combined an occlusion paradigm that filters feedforward input to the visual cortex and multivariate analysis techniques to investigate the information content in cortical feedback, focusing on age-related differences in its composition. We further asked to what extent differentiation in feedback signals (in the occluded region) is correlated to differentiation in feedforward signals. Comparing younger (18–30 years) and older female and male adults (65–75 years), we found that contextual but not mnemonic feedback was prone to age-related dedifferentiation. Semantic feedback signals were even better differentiated in older adults, highlighting the growing importance of generalized knowledge across ages. We also found that differentiation in feedforward signals was correlated with differentiation in episodic but not semantic feedback signals. Our results provide evidence for age-related adjustments in the composition of feedback signals and underscore the importance of examining dedifferentiation in aging for both feedforward and feedback processing.
Thema der vorliegenden Dissertation sind Einflussfaktoren und individuelle Unterschiede im akademische Selbstkonzept von Grundschülern. Das erste Kapitel thematisiert die Bestimmung des Selbstkonzepts, gibt einen Überblick über die theoretischen Wurzeln und beleuchtet unterschiedliche Selbstkonzeptmodelle. Das zweite Kapitel geht auf die Selbstkonzeptentwicklung ein und hebt dabei insbesondere das Internal/External-Frame-of-Reference Modell (I/E-Modell; Marsh, 1986) hervor, welches das Zusammenwirken von externalen (sozialen) und internalen (dimensionalen) Vergleichsprozessen bei der Selbsteinschätzung beschreibt. Auf Basis des I/E-Models werden in Studie 1 das akademische Selbstkonzept und die Schulleistung von Schülern der 1. bis 3. Klassenstufe miteinander in Beziehung gesetzt. Im Zentrum steht dabei die Frage, ab welcher Klassenstufe dimensionale Kontrasteffekte auftreten und welchen Einfluss die Lese-, Rechtschreib- und Mathematikleistung auf die korrespondierenden und nicht korrespondierenden Selbstkonzeptfaktoren haben. Es zeigen sich signifikant negative Pfade von der mathematischen Leistung auf das verbale Selbstkonzept und negative Pfade von der Leseleistung auf das mathematische Selbstkonzept ab der 3. Klasse. Ein Kontrasteffekt innerhalb der verbalen Domäne (Lesen und Schreiben) kann hingegen bei keiner der untersuchten Klassenstufen aufgezeigt werden.
Die zweite und dritte empirische Studie fokussieren mögliche Gruppenunterschiede im akademischen Selbstkonzept anhand bestimmter Schülermerkmale. In Studie 2 wird dabei geprüft, ob sich zwischen Jungen und Mädchen mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund Unterschiede im verbalen und mathematischen Selbstkonzept finden lassen. Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund zeigen trotz schlechterer schulischer Leistungen im Lesen und in Mathematik in diesen Bereichen ein höheres Selbstkonzept als Kinder ohne Migrationshintergrund.
Auch findet sich bereits in der ersten Klasse unter Jungen ein optimistischeres mathematisches und unter Mädchen ein optimistischeres verbales Selbstkonzept. Dies spiegelt sich auch in den tatsächlichen Leistungen der Kinder sowie den Lehrereinschätzungen wider. In Studie 3 wird geprüft, ob Kinder mit ADHS-Symptomen ein positiv illusorisches akademisches Selbstkonzept (Positive Illusory Bias, Hoza et al., 2002) haben. Es zeigt sich, dass zwar Kinder mit ADHS-Symptomen im Vergleich zu Kindern ohne ADHS-Symptome ihre Leistungen deutlich stärker überschätzen, allerdings nur, wenn keine Kontrolle des Schulleistungsniveaus erfolgt. Zudem schätzen sich Kinder mit ADHS-Symptomen in dem Leistungsbereich am besten ein, in dem sie auch am besten abschneiden. Der Positive Illusory Bias scheint also nicht spezifisch für die ADHS zu sein.
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Modellierung von Kundenorientierung und Kundenzufriedenheit und ihren Antezedenzen. Gerade in diesem Forschungsbereich gibt es eine unüberschaubare Zahl an Veröffentlichungen, doch wurden bestimmte Aspekte stets vernachlässigt, wie die Unterscheidung zwischen personaler und organisationaler Kundenorientierung. Aus der Unterscheidung ergibt sich, dass für beide Aspekte der Kundenorientierung unterschiedliche Antezedenzen anzunehmen sind. Die empirische Prüfung der unterschiedlichen Antezedenzen erfolgt in der Literatur zumeist nur für eine der beiden Formen der Kundenorientierung. Weiterhin ist die verwendete Methode bei der Untersuchung der Zusammenhänge von Kundenorientierung und Kundenzufriedenheit zu kritisieren: Fast immer werden Gruppen von Kunden zusammengefasst, ihre Werte gemittelt und mit Gruppen von Mitarbeitern verglichen. Die Rolle der Vorgesetzten wird zwar theoretisch angenommen und betont, jedoch keiner empirischen Prüfung unterzogen. In der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit werden verschiedene theoretische Modelle und Befunde zur Kundenorientierung und Kundenzufriedenheit integriert, um daraus ein umfassenderes Modell der Antezedenzen der Kundenorientierung und der Deszendenz (Kundenzufriedenheit) zu bilden. Integration soll dahingehend erreicht werden, dass organisationale und personale Antezedenzen in einem einzigen Modell zusammengeführt werden, anstatt diese in getrennten Theorien zu betrachten. Des Weiteren wird zwischen organisationaler und personaler Kundenorientierung unterschieden. Personale Kundenorientierung wird als positive Einstellung von Mitarbeitern ihren Kunden und der Arbeit mit Kunden gegenüber aufgefasst. Persönliche Kundenorientierung beinhaltet aber auch die Intention, diese Einstellung in kundenorientierte Performanz umzusetzen (Kundenorientierte Verhaltensintention) und wird demnach nicht im Sinne eines Traits verstanden. Organisationale Kundenorientierung wird aus der Sicht der Mitarbeiter als wahrgenommene Servicequalität der Organisation konzipiert. Der Vergleich der persönlichen Kundenorientierung von Mitarbeitern und der Kundenzufriedenheit erfolgt auf individueller Ebene: Die Aussagen einer Gruppe von Kunden wurden ihrem Servicemitarbeiter zugeordnet. Die Stichprobe dieser Arbeit wurde im medizinisch-therapeutischen Umfeld erhoben- ein (existentiell bedeutsamer) Dienstleistungssektor, der sich zunehmenden Interesses und steigender wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung erfreut. Es wurden insgesamt Daten von n = 851 Probanden mittels Querschnitt erhoben (n = 685 Kunden und n = 166 Dienstleister). Die aufgestellten Hypothesen wurden überwiegend bestätigt. Es konnten verschiedene Antezedenzen der personalen und der organisationalen Kundenorientierung belegt werden: Arbeitsbedingungen, Merkmale des sozialen Systems der Organisation sowie Merkmale des Vorgesetzten beeinflussen organisationale Kundenorientierung. Antezedenzen der persönlichen Kundenorientierung von Mitarbeitern sind Persönlichkeitsmerkmale, Einstellungen gegenüber der Organisation und soziale Kompetenzen. Die direkte Wirkung der Kundenorientierung auf Kundenzufriedenheit konnte nachgewiesen werden, aber auch mediierte Effekte. Demnach verstärken Antezedenzen der Kundenorientierung die personale bzw. organisationale Kundenorientierung und beeinflussen dadurch die Kundenzufriedenheit. Direkte Effekte ergeben sich für organisationale Kundenorientierung und Kundenzufriedenheit, wohingegen persönliche Kundenorientierung nur teilweise mit Kundenzufriedenheit korreliert. Die Rolle des Vorgesetzten wurde in ihrer Bedeutsamkeit belegt, insbesondere dadurch, dass eine Wirkung auf organisationale Kundenorientierung aufgezeigt werden konnte, die wiederum die Kundenzufriedenheit stark beeinflusst. Insgesamt hat sich gezeigt, dass sich Kundenorientierung differenziert betrachten lässt und dadurch empirisch verschiedene Zusammenhänge nachgewiesen werden können.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of cooperative training strategies to enhance students' socioscientific decision making as well as their metacognitive skills in the science classroom. Socioscientific decision making refers to both “describing socioscientific issues” as well as “developing and evaluating solutions” to socioscientific issues. We investigated two cooperative training strategies which differed with respect to embedded metacognitive instructions that were developed on the basis of the IMPROVE method. Participants were 360 senior high school students who studied either in a cooperative learning setting (COOP), a cooperative learning setting with embedded metacognitive questions (COOP+META), or a nontreatment control group. Results indicate that students in the two training conditions outperformed students in the control group on both processes of socioscientific decision making. However, students in the COOP+META condition did not outperform students in the COOP condition. With respect to students' learning outcomes on the regulation facet of metacognition, results indicate that all conditions improved over time. Students in the COOP+META condition exhibited highest mean scores at posttest measures, but again, results were not significant. Implications for integrating metacognitive instructions into science classrooms are discussed.
Problematisation: In recent years, psychology has been going through a crisis of sorts. Research methods and practices have come under increased scrutiny, with many issues identified as negatively contributing to low replicability and reproducibility of psychological research.
Implications: As a consequence, researchers are increasingly called upon to overhaul and improve their research process. Various stakeholders within the scientific community are arguing for more openness and rigor within industrial and organisational (I-O) psychological research. A lack of transparency and openness further fuels criticisms as to the credibility and trustworthiness of I-O psychology which negatively affects the evidence-based practices which it supports. Furthermore, traditional gate-keepers such as grant agencies, professional societies and journals, are adapting their policies, reflecting an effort to curtail these trends.
Purpose: The purpose of this opinion paper is, therefore, to stimulate an open dialogue with the South African Journal of Industrial Psychology (SAJIP) contributing authors, its editorial board and readership about the challenges associated with the replication crisis in psychology. Furthermore, it attempts to discuss how the identified issues affect I-O psychology and how these could be managed through open science practices and other structural improvements within the SAJIP.
Recommendations: We enumerate several easily implementable open science practices, methodological improvements and editorial policy enhancements to enhance credibility and transparency within the SAJIP. Relying on these, we recommend changes to the current practices that can be taken up by researchers and the SAJIP to improve reproducibility and replicability in I-O psychological science.