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Reduction and deletion processes occur regularly in conversational speech. A segment that is affected by such reduction and deletion processes in many Germanic languages (e.g., Dutch, English, German) is /t/. There are similarities concerning the factors that influence the likelihood of final /t/ to get deleted, such as segmental context. However, speakers of different languages differ with respect to the acoustic cues they leave in the speech signal when they delete final /t/. German speakers usually lengthen a preceding /s/ when they delete final /t/. This article investigates to what extent German listeners are able to reconstruct /t/ when they are presented with fragments of words where final /t/ has been deleted. It aims also at investigating whether the strategies that are used by German depend on the length of /s/, and therefore whether listeners are using language-specific cues. Results of a forced-choice segment detection task suggest that listeners are able to reconstruct deleted final /t/ in about 45% of the times. The length of /s/ plays some role in the reconstruction, however, it does not explain the behavior of German listeners completely.
Reduction in natural speech
(2009)
Natural (conversational) speech, compared to cannonical speech, is earmarked by the tremendous amount of variation that often leads to a massive change in pronunciation. Despite many attempts to explain and theorize the variability in conversational speech, its unique characteristics have not played a significant role in linguistic modeling. One of the reasons for variation in natural speech lies in a tendency of speakers to reduce speech, which may drastically alter the phonetic shape of words. Despite the massive loss of information due to reduction, listeners are often able to understand conversational speech even in the presence of background noise. This dissertation investigates two reduction processes, namely regressive place assimilation across word boundaries, and massive reduction and provides novel data from the analyses of speech corpora combined with experimental results from perception studies to reach a better understanding of how humans handle natural speech. The successes and failures of two models dealing with data from natural speech are presented: The FUL-model (Featurally Underspecified Lexicon, Lahiri & Reetz, 2002), and X-MOD (an episodic model, Johnson, 1997). Based on different assumptions, both models make different predictions for the two types of reduction processes under investigation. This dissertation explores the nature and dynamics of these processes in speech production and discusses its consequences for speech perception. More specifically, data from analyses of running speech are presented investigating the amount of reduction that occurs in naturally spoken German. Concerning production, the corpus analysis of regressive place assimilation reveals that it is not an obligatory process. At the same time, there emerges a clear asymmetry: With only very few exceptions, only [coronal] segments undergo assimilation, [labial] and [dorsal] segments usually do not. Furthermore, there seem to be cases of complete neutralization where the underlying Place of Articulation feature has undergone complete assimilation to the Place of Articulation feature of the upcoming segment. Phonetic analyses further underpin these findings. Concerning deletions and massive reductions, the results clearly indicate that phonological rules in the classical generative tradition are not able to explain the reduction patterns attested in conversational speech. Overall, the analyses of deletion and massive reduction in natural speech did not exhibit clear-cut patterns. For a more in-depth examination of reduction factors, the case of final /t/ deletion is examined by means of a new corpus constructed for this purpose. The analysis of this corpus indicates that although phonological context plays an important role on the deletion of segments (i.e. /t/), this arises in the form of tendencies, not absolute conditions. This is true for other deletion processes, too. Concerning speech perception, a crucial part for both models under investigation (X-MOD and FUL) is how listeners handle reduced speech. Five experiments investigate the way reduced speech is perceived by human listeners. Results from two experiments show that regressive place assimilations can be treated as instances of complete neutralizations by German listeners. Concerning massively reduced words, the outcome of transcription and priming experiments suggest that such words are not acceptable candidates of the intended lexical items for listeners in the absence of their proper phrasal context. Overall, the abstractionist FUL-model is found to be superior in explaining the data. While at first sight, X-MOD deals with the production data more readily, FUL provides a better fit for the perception results. Another important finding concerns the role of phonology and phonetics in general. The results presented in this dissertation make a strong case for models, such as FUL, where phonology and phonetics operate at different levels of the mental lexicon, rather than being integrated into one. The findings suggest that phonetic variation is not part of the representation in the mental lexicon.
Wer heute ins Baltikum reist, gelangt in eine europäische Kulturregion, die jugendlich wirkt und ihrer Traditionen sich wieder besinnt, anders als Mitteleuropa, das die seinigen nicht mehr sehr hoch zu schätzen bereit ist. Die Menschen dieser Länder ziehen Kraft aus dem Bewusstsein ihrer so lange unterdrückten Eigenart.
Frankfurt as a global international city is home to transcultural people with diverse linguistic biographies and migration backgrounds. As teachers exert significant influence on the language practice of their students and their awareness of self and others, it is crucial to examine the language ideologies and attitudes on multilingualism of teachers who work in different schools in Frankfurt. The online questionnaire was selected as the data collection
method for the combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis where teachers were asked to select their opinion on statements that were designed to represent concurring viewpoints of separate bilingualism and flexible bilingualism. The study builds on existing evidence that multiple factors dynamically shape teachers' attitudes towards multilingualism.
School-level support and cooperation between educational institutions seems to be necessary to establish horizontal continuity and help students benefit from language-sensitive didactic methods, such as translanguaging.
Psycholinguistik
(2012)
Seit den 1980er Jahren erfreut sich die kritische Theorie im intellektuellen Diskurs Chinas großer Beliebtheit. Dank der chinesischen Reformpolitik wird die Sozialphilosophie der Frankfurter Schule zunehmend als Methode verwendet, um den politischen Alltag und den gesellschaftlichen Wandel kritisch zu analysieren. Hierbei spielen die Schriften von Jürgen Habermas und besonders seine Ansichten zur Zivilgesellschaft, Öffentlichkeit und zur Schlüsselrolle der Kommunikation eine wichtige Rolle. Im Rahmen der vom Interdisziplinären Zentrum für Ostasienwissenschaften der Goethe-Universität veranstalteten Konferenz »Kritik – Theorie – Kritische Theorie. Die Frankfurter Schule in China« gab der Habermas-Experte und Übersetzer Cao Weidong Einblick in das chinesische »Habermas-Fieber«.
Das Ende des mexikanisch-amerikanischen Krieges begründet in den USA zugleich die Genese der mexikostämmigen Bevölkerungsgruppe, die unter der Bezeichnung Chicanos spätestens seit dem ethnic revival der 1960er literarisch und politisch eindrucksvoll hervorgetreten ist. Zwei Romane zweier wichtiger Chicana-Autorinnen sind die Fallstudien, an denen die Magisterarbeit die Identitätskonstruktionen analysiert, die die Chicana-Literatur auszeichnen. Im ersten Teil der dreiteiligen Studie wird in seiner Relevanz für die Kulturwissenschaften der Identitätsbegriff erläutert, wobei für die Literaturanalyse das Verständnis von Identität als narrativ besonders aufschlussreich ist. Der zweite Teil stellt den soziokulturellen Kontext zeitgenössischer Chicana-Literatur und ihrer Traditionen dar, die Ansätze zur Revision stereotyper Gruppenwahrnehmungen durch die Anglo-Gesellschaft und frauenfeindlicher Tendenzen in der eigenen Tradition motiviert hat. Die Einzellektüren im dritten Teil konzentrieren sich auf die Frage der narrativen Selbstkonstitution und situieren die Erzählungen in ihren Spannungsfeldern zwischen angloamerikanischer und mexikanischer Kultur, Geschlechter- und Klassenverhältnissen. In einer abschließenden Zusammenschau werden Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede der beiden Werke aufgezeigt, deren Auswahl entgegen dem tokenism, der Tendenz, das Werk einer einzigen Person als Stellvertreterin einer ganzen Gruppe zu nehmen, entgegenarbeit.