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Background: The treatment of different skin conditions with spa waters is a long tradition dating back to at least late Hellenism. Interestingly, independent scientific examinations studying the effect of spa waters are scarce.
Objective: In the present in vitro study, we compared the effect of culture media supplemented with (a) thermal spa waters (La Roche-Posay, Avène) and (b) two natural mineral drinking waters (Heppinger, Adelholzener) on physiological parameters in HaCaT keratinocytes.
Methods: The different medium preparations were investigated with regard to cell proliferation and cell damage. Moreover, the impact on inflammation parameters with and without ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation was examined.
Results: Two popular thermal spring waters were found to suppress cell proliferation and cell damage. Moreover, these waters reversed the induction of interleukin-6, as measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and promoter transactivation, and the formation of reactive oxygen species after UVB stimulation. Of note, the two natural mineral waters, which are distributed as drinking waters, had some effect on the above-mentioned parameters but to a lesser extent.
Conclusion: In summary, our results show that spa waters, and particularly those derived from thermal springs, reduce parameters associated with inflammation. It seems likely that trace elements such as selenium and zinc are critical for the observed effects.
The potential of a protein-engineered His tag to immobilize macromolecules in a predictable orientation at metal-chelating lipid interfaces was investigated using recombinant 20 S proteasomes His-tagged in various positions. Electron micrographs demonstrated that the orientation of proteasomes bound to chelating lipid films could be controlled via the location of their His tags: proteasomes His-tagged at their sides displayed exclusively side-on views, while proteasomes His-tagged at their ends displayed exclusively end-on views. The activity of proteasomes immobilized at chelating lipid interfaces was well preserved. In solution, His-tagged proteasomes hydrolyzed casein at rates comparable with wild-type proteasomes, unless the His tags were located in the vicinity of the N termini of α-subunits. The N termini of α-subunits might partly occlude the entrance channel in α-rings through which substrates enter the proteasome for subsequent degradation. A combination of electron micrographs and atomic force microscope topographs revealed a propensity of vertically oriented proteasomes to crystallize in two dimensions on fluid lipid films. The oriented immobilization of His-tagged proteins at biocompatible lipid interfaces will assist structural studies as well as the investigation of biomolecular interaction via a wide variety of surface-sensitive techniques including single-molecule analysis.
Preserving a patient’s own teeth—even in a difficult situation—is nowadays preferable to surgical intervention and therefore promotes development of suitable dental repair materials. Biodentine®, a mineral trioxide aggregate substitute, has been used to replace dentine in a bioactive and biocompatible manner in both the dental crown and the root. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of Biodentine® on pulp fibroblasts in vitro. For this study, one to five Biodentine® discs with a diameter of 5.1mm were incubated in DMEM. To obtain Biodentine® suspensions the media were collected and replaced with fresh medium every 24h for 4 days. Primary pulp cells were isolated from freshly extracted wisdom teeth of 20–23 year old patients and incubated with the Biodentine® suspensions. Proliferation, cell morphology, cell integrity and cell viability were monitored. To evaluate the effect of Biodentine® on collagen type I synthesis, the secretion of the N-terminal domain of pro-collagen type I (P1NP) and the release of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were quantified. None of the Biodentine® suspensions tested influenced cell morphology, proliferation or cell integrity. The cell viability varied slightly depending on the suspension used. However, the concentrations of P1NP of all pulp fibroblast cultures treated for 24h with the moderate to high Biodentine® concentration containing suspensions of day 1 were reduced to 5% of the control. Furthermore, a significant TGF-β1 reduction was observed after treatment with these suspensions. It could be shown that Biodentine® is biocompatible. However, dissolved particles of the moderate to high concentrated Biodentine® suspensions 24h after mixing induce a significant reduction of TGF-β1 release and reduce the secretion of collagen type I of primary pulp fibroblasts.
Since the domestication of the urus, 10.000 years ago, mankind utilizes bovine milk for different purposes. Besides usage as a nutrient also the external application of milk on skin has a long tradition going back to at least the ancient Aegypt with Cleopatra VII as a great exponent. In order to test whether milk has impact on skin physiology, cultures of human skin fibroblasts were exposed to commercial bovine milk. Our data show significant induction of proliferation by milk (max. 2,3-fold, EC50: 2,5% milk) without toxic effects. Surprisingly, bovine milk was identified as strong inducer of collagen 1A1 synthesis at both, the protein (4-fold, EC50: 0,09% milk) and promoter level. Regarding the underlying molecular pathways, we show functional activation of STAT6 in a p44/42 and p38-dependent manner. More upstream, we identified IGF-1 and insulin as key factors responsible for milk-induced collagen synthesis. These findings show that bovine milk contains bioactive molecules that act on human skin cells. Therefore, it is tempting to test the herein introduced concept in treatment of atrophic skin conditions induced e.g. by UV light or corticosteroids.
Oligonucleotides suppress PKB/Akt and act as superinductors of apoptosis in human keratinocytes
(2009)
DNA oligonucleotides (ODN) applied to an organism are known to modulate the innate and adaptive immune system. Previous studies showed that a CpG-containing ODN (CpG-1-PTO) and interestingly, also a non-CpG-containing ODN (nCpG- 5-PTO) suppress inflammatory markers in skin. In the present study it was investigated whether these molecules also influence cell apoptosis. Here we show that CpG-1-PTO, nCpG-5-PTO, and also natural DNA suppress the phosphorylation of PKB/Akt in a cell-type-specific manner. Interestingly, only epithelial cells of the skin (normal human keratinocytes, HaCaT and A-431) show a suppression of PKB/Akt. This suppressive effect depends from ODN lengths, sequence and backbone. Moreover, it was found that TGFa-induced levels of PKB/Akt and EGFR were suppressed by the ODN tested. We hypothesize that this suppression might facilitate programmed cell death. By testing this hypothesis we found an increase of apoptosis markers (caspase 3/7, 8, 9, cytosolic cytochrome c, histone associated DNA fragments, apoptotic bodies) when cells were treated with ODN in combination with low doses of staurosporin, a wellknown pro-apoptotic stimulus. In summary the present data demonstrate DNA as a modulator of apoptosis which specifically targets skin epithelial cells.
Characteristically, most solid tumors exhibit an increased tumor interstitial fluid pressure (TIFP) that directly contributes to the lowered uptake of macromolecular therapeutics into the tumor interstitium. Abnormalities in the tumor-associated lymph vessels are a central brick in the development and prolonged sustaining of an increased TIFP. In the current study, vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) was used to enhance tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis as a new mechanism to actively reduce the TIFP by increased lymphatic drainage of the tumor tissue. Human A431 epidermoid vulva carcinoma cells were inoculated in NMRI nu/nu mice to generate a xenograft mouse model. Seven days after tumor cell injection, VEGF-C was peritumorally injected to induce lymphangiogenesis. Tumor growth and TIFP was lowered significantly over time in VEGF-C-treated tumors in comparison to control or VEGF-A-treated animals. These data demonstrate for the first time that actively induced lymphangiogenesis can lower the TIFP in a xenograft tumor model and apparently reduce tumor growth. This model represents a novel approach to modulate biomechanical properties of the tumor interstitium enabling a lowering of TIFP in vivo.
Elevated tumor interstitial fluid pressure (TIFP) is a prominent feature of solid tumors and hampers the transmigration of therapeutic macromolecules, for example, large monoclonal antibodies, from tumor-supplying vessels into the tumor interstitium. TIFP values of up to 40 mm Hg have been measured in experimental solid tumors using two conventional invasive techniques: the wick-in-needle and the micropuncture technique. We propose a novel noninvasive method of determining TIFP via ultrasonic investigation with scanning acoustic microscopy at 30-MHz frequency. In our experimental setup, we observed for the impedance fluctuations in the outer tumor hull of A431-vulva carcinoma–derived tumor xenograft mice. The gain dependence of signal strength was quantified, and the relaxation of tissue was calibrated with simultaneous hydrostatic pressure measurements. Signal patterns from the acoustical images were translated into TIFP curves, and a putative saturation effect was found for tumor pressures larger than 3 mm Hg. This is the first noninvasive approach to determine TIFP values in tumors. This technique can provide a potentially promising noninvasive assessment of TIFP and, therefore, can be used to determine the TIFP before treatment approach as well to measure therapeutic efficacy highlighted by lowered TFP values.
Elevated tumor interstitial fluid pressure (TIFP) is a characteristic of most solid tumors. Clinically, TIFP may hamper the uptake of chemotherapeutic drugs into the tumor tissue reducing their therapeutic efficacy. In this study, a means of modulating TIFP to increase the flux of macromolecules into tumor tissue is presented, which is based on the rationale that elevated plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) pulls water from tumor interstitium lowering the TIFP. Concentrated human serum albumin: (20% HSA), used as an agent to enhance COP, reduced the TIFP time-dependently from 8 to 2 mm Hg in human tumor xenograft models bearing A431 epidermoid vulva carcinomas. To evaluate whether this reduction facilitates the uptake of macromolecules, the intratumoral distribution of fluorescently conjugated dextrans (2.5 mg/ml) and cetuximab (2.0 mg/ml) was probed using novel time domain nearinfrared fluorescence imaging. This method permitted discrimination and semiquantification of tumor-accumulated conjugate from background and unspecific probe fluorescence. The coadministration of 20% HSA together with either dextrans or cetuximab was found to lower the TIFP significantly and increase the concentration of the substances within the tumor tissue in comparison to control tumors. Furthermore, combined administration of 20%HSA plus cetuximab reduced the tumor growth significantly in comparison to standard cetuximab treatment. These data demonstrate that increased COP lowers the TIFP within hours and increases the uptake of therapeutic macromolecules into the tumor interstitium leading to reduced tumor growth. This model represents a novel approach to facilitate the delivery of therapeutics into tumor tissue, particularly monoclonal antibodies.
High tumor interstitial fluid pressure (TIFP) is a characteristic of most solid tumors. TIFP may hamper adequate uptake of macromolecular therapeutics in tumor tissue. In addition, TIFP generates mechanical forces affecting the tumor cortex, which might influence the growth parameters of tumor cells. This seems likely as, in other tissues (namely, blood vessels or the skin), mechanical stretch is known to trigger proliferation. Therefore, we hypothesize that TIFP-induced stretch modulates proliferation-associated parameters. Solid epithelial tumors (A431 and A549) were grown in Naval Medical Research Institute nude mice, generating a TIFP of about 10 mm Hg (A431) or 5 mm Hg (A549). Tumor drainage of the central cystic area led to a rapid decline of TIFP, together with visible relaxation of the tumor cortex. It was found by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis that TIFP lowering yields a decreased phosphorylation of proliferation-associated p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and tumor relaxation. In confirmation, immunohistochemical staining showed a decrease of tumor-associated proliferation marker Ki-67 after TIFP lowering. These data suggest that the mechanical stretch induced by TIFP is a positive modulator of tumor proliferation.
Der menschliche Körper ist permanent mechanischen Reizen in Form von Dehnung oder Druck ausgesetzt. Diese Stimuli können vielfältige zelluläre Prozesse induzieren. Dehnungsreize erhöhen die Zellproliferation in allen bisher untersuchten Zellspezies, inklusive Endothel- und Epithelzellen. Im Gegensatz dazu scheinen mechanische Druckbelastungen zu zellulärer Differenzierung zu führen. Die Relevanz dieser mechanischen Reize für die Physiologie und Pathophysiologie ist für viele Organe nachgewiesen worden. Jedoch gibt es bislang keine hinreichenden Untersuchungen, die belegen, dass mechanische Reize ebenso eine Rolle bei der Tumorproliferation spielen könnten. Im Fokus dieser Promotionsarbeit steht die Fragestellung, inwieweit die mechanischen Verhältnisse in Tumoren in einem funktionellen Zusammenhang mit der Tumorgenese stehen. Zur Klärung dieser Fragestellung ist ein Xenograft-Tumormodell etabliert worden, das es erlaubt in vivo-Untersuchungen an humanen epithelialen Tumoren durchzuführen. Um Erfahrungen aus vorherigen in vitro-Versuchen nutzen zu können, wurden humane epitheliale A431-Vulvakarzinom- und humane epitheliale A549-Lungenkarzinomzellen für das Tumormodell verwendet. Mit diesem Modell konnte erstmals in vivo gezeigt werden, dass solide humane Tumore einer permanenten mechanischen Dehnung ausgesetzt sind, die direkten Einfluss auf die Proliferation der Tumorzellen hat. Als zentraler Auslöser für die mechanische Dehnung der Tumorzellen konnte der erhöhte tumorinterstitielle Flüssigkeitsdruck (TIFP) identifiziert werden. Der Einfluss der mechanischen Dehnung auf die Proliferation der Tumorzellen wurde anhand der Phosphorylierung der extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) bzw. der Ki-67 Expression gezeigt. Durch die Punktion bzw. Drainage von Tumoren konnte der TIFP experimentell abgesenkt werden und in Folge dessen kam es zu einer reduzierten mechanischen Dehnung der Tumorzellen. In allen Versuchen war die Abnahme der mechanischen Dehnung von einer verringerten Phosphorylierung der ERK1/2 bzw. reduzierten Expression des Proliferationsmarkers Ki-67 begleitet. Der TIFP induziert aber nicht nur mechanische Dehnungsreize, sondern er stellt darüber hinaus eine physikalische Barriere für den effizienten Transport von Therapeutika in den Tumor dar. Der gegenüber dem umliegenden Gewebe erhöhte TIFP behindert den interstitiellen Transport und die Aufnahme von Molekülen aus dem Gefäßsystem in die Tumorzellen. Die Etablierung einer neuen experimentellen Technik zur Senkung des TIFP, durch i.v. Injektion von konzentriertem humanem Serumalbumin, führte zu einer signifikanten Verbesserung der Aufnahme und einer Verlängerung der Verweildauer von Makromolekülen/Therapeutika innerhalb von Tumoren. Des Weiteren konnten immunhistochemische Färbungen gegen lymphspezifische Marker in Gewebeproben von A431 und A549 Tumoren keinen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen Lympharchitektur und TIFP zeigen. Dies bedeutet, dass in den untersuchten Tumoren die Ausbildung des hohen TIFP eher auf eine erhöhte Rigidität der extrazellulären Matrix bzw. die hohe Permeabilität des tumorversorgenden vaskulären Gefäßsystems zurückzuführen ist. Parallel zu den in vivo-Untersuchungen durchgeführte in vitro-Versuche konnten Proteine identifizieren, die an der druckinduzierten p38 Signaltransduktionskaskade beteiligt sind. Diese Ergebnisse untermauern die bisherigen in vitro-Daten bzgl. der differentiellen Reaktionen von Zellen auf mechanische Druckreize. Abschließend lässt sich sagen, dass die Ergebnisse der in vivo-Versuche die Bedeutung und die klinische Relevanz des biophysikalischen Parameters TIFP hervorgehoben haben. Die Zukunft der Krebstherapie liegt nicht alleine in der Entwicklung neuer hochspezifischer Wirkstoffe, sondern auch in der Lösung des Transports der Wirkstoffe an den Zielort. Die vorgestellten Ergebnisse dieser Promotionsarbeit weisen eine beträchtliche klinische Relevanz auf, denn sie zeigen, dass die experimentelle Absenkung des TIFP zu einer verbesserten Aufnahme von Therapeutika beiträgt. Gleichzeitig wird die Proliferationsrate von Tumorzellen durch die reduzierte mechanische Dehnung signifikant verringert. Dieser Doppeleffekt könnte zu einer effizienteren Krebstherapie führen in Folge derer es zu einer verlängerten Überlebensrate sowie einer Verbesserung der Lebensqualität von Krebspatienten kommen könnte.