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A visual articulatory model and its application to therapy
of speech disorders : a pilot study
(2005)
A visual articulatory model based on static MRI-data of isolated sounds and its application in therapy of speech disorders is described. The model is capable of generating video sequences of articulatory movements or still images of articulatory target positions within the midsagittal plane. On the basis of this model (1) a visual stimulation technique for the therapy of patients suffering from speech disorders and (2) a rating test for visual recognition of speech movements was developed. Results indicate that patients produce recognition rates above level of chance already without any training and that patients are capable of increasing their recognition rate over the time course of therapy significantly.
Four speakers repeated 8 times 15 sentences containing 'pVp' syllables (V being /a/, /i/ and /u/). The 'pVp' syllables were located in final, penultimate and antepenultimate position relatively to the Intonational Phrase (IP) boundary. They were embedded in lexical words of 1-3 syllables and were either word-initial or word-final. Results show that the closer the vowel in word-final position is to the IP boundary, the longer the duration and the higher the fundamental frequency of the vowel; it is also characterised by larger lip opening gestures. The potential reduction or coarticulation of vowels in wordinitial position compared to their counterparts in word-final position is discussed.
In order to understand the functional morphology of the human voice producing system, we are in need of data on the vocal tract anatomy of other mammalian species. The larynges and vocal tracts of four species of Artiodactyla were investigated in combination with acoustic analyses of their respective calls. Different evolutionary specializations of laryngeal characters may lead to similar effects on sound production. In the investigated species, such specializations are: the elongation and mass increase of the vocal folds, the volume increase of the laryngeal vestibulum by an enlarged thyroid cartilage and the formation of laryngeal ventricles. Both the elongation of the vocal folds and the increase of the oscillating masses lower the fundamental frequency. The influence of an increased volume of the laryngeal vestibulum on sound production remains unclear. The anatomical and acoustic results are presented together with considerations about the habitats and the mating systems of the respective species.
This work investigates laryngeal and supralaryngeal correlates of the voicing contrast in alveolar obstruent production in German. It further studies laryngealoral co-ordination observed for such productions. Three different positions of the obstruents are taken into account: the stressed, syllable initial position, the post-stressed intervocalic position, and the post-stressed word final position. For the latter the phonological rule of final devoicing applies in German. The different positions are chosen in order to study the following hypotheses:
1. The presence/absence of glottal opening is not a consistent correlate of the voicing contrast in German.
2. Supralaryngeal correlates are also involved in the contrast.
3. Supralaryngeal correlates can compensate for the lack of distinction in laryngeal adjustment.
Including the word final position is motivated by the question whether neutralization in word final position would be complete or whether some articulatory residue of the contrast can be found.
Two experiments are carried out. The first experiment investigates glottal abduction in co-ordination with tongue-palate contact patterns by means of simultaneous recordings of transillumination, fiberoptic films and Electropalatography (EPG). The second experiment focuses on supralaryngeal correlates of alveolar stops studied by means of Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA) simultaneously with EPG. Three German native speakers participated in both recordings. Results of this study provide evidence that the first hypothesis holds true for alveolar stops when different positions are taken into account. In fricative production it is also confirmed since voiceless and voiced fricatives are most of the time realised with glottal abduction. Additionally, supralaryngeal correlates are involved in the voicing contrast under two perspectives. First, laryngeal and supralaryngeal movements are well synchronised in voiceless obstruent production, particularly in the stressed position. Second, supralaryngeal correlates occur especially in the post-stressed intervocalic position. Results are discussed with respect to the phonetics-phonology interface, to the role of timing and its possible control, to the interarticulatory co-ordination, and to stress as 'localised hyperarticulation'.
In order to investigate the articulatory processes of the hasty and mumbled speech of clutterers, the kinematic variability was analysed by means of electromagnetic midsagittal articulography (EMMA). In contrast to stutterers, clutterers improve their intelligibility by concentrating on their speech task. Variability is an important criterion in comparable studies of stuttering and is discussed in terms of the stability of the speech motor system. The aim of the current study was to analyse the spatial and temporal variability in the speech of three clutterers and three control speakers. All speakers were native speakers of German. The speech material consisted of repetitive CV-syllables and foreign words, because clutterers have the most severe problems with long words which have a complex syllable structure. The results showed a higher quotient of variation for clutterers in the foreign word production. For the syllable repetition task, no significant differences between clutterers and controls were found. The extremely large and variable displacements were interpreted as a strategy that helps clutterers to improve the intelligibility of their speech.
Die Beschreibungen der phonologischen und phonetischen Gebrauchsmerkmale erschöpfen sich aus der Sicht der informellen Kommunikation bekanntlich vorwiegend in den sprecherbezogenen phonologischen Prozessen, die dominant mit einer durch natürliches Sprechtempo bedingten ausspracheerleichternden Funktion einhergehen. Auch verfügt die moderne Interaktionslinguistik über Kenntnisse einiger linguistischer Funktionen von Intonation. Dennoch wissen wir immer noch sehr wenig über die soziale (d. h. auch strategische) Funktionalität der artikulatorischen und prosodischen (also der segmentalen und suprasegmentalen) Merkmale im Gesprächsverhalten. Dieser Beitrag setzt sich zum Ziel, die kontextsensitiven konversationsphonologischen Sprachmerkmale und ihre soziale Funktionsweise im Alltagsgespräch zu skizzieren. Die Problematik der Herangehensweise an die Erfassung der sozialen Bedeutung von konversationeller Phonetik, Phonologie und Prosodie wird anhand von drei exemplarischen Analysen der Kontextualisierung der sozialen Distanz in den Gesprächen bei verschiedenen informellen Gruppen Jugendlicher beleuchtet.
In this paper the issue of the nature of the representations of the speech production task in the speaker's brain is addressed in a production-perception interaction framework. Since speech is produced to be perceived, it is hypothesized that its production is associated for the speaker with the generation of specific physical characteristics that are for the listeners the objects of speech perception. Hence, in the first part of the paper, four reference theories of speech perception are presented, in order to guide and to constrain the search for possible correlates of the speech production task in the physical space: the Acoustic Invariance Theory, the Adaptive Variability Theory, the Motor Theory and the Direct-Realist Theory. Possible interpretations of these theories in terms of representations of the speech production task are proposed and analyzed. In a second part, a few selected experimental studies are presented, which shed some light on this issue. In the conclusion, on the basis of the joint analysis of theoretical and experimental aspects presented in the paper, it is proposed that representations of the speech production task are multimodal, and that a hierarchy exists among the different modalities, the acoustic modality having the highest level of priority. It is also suggested that these representations are not associated with invariant characteristics, but with regions of the acoustic, orosensory and motor control spaces.
Ausgehend von Brechts Regieanweisung im Gedicht „Das Zeigen muss gezeigt werden !“ befasst sich das erste Kapitel mit dem deiktischen Prinzip im Stück Die Dreigroschenoper. Nachgewiesen wird seine Zeigestruktur, die die Beggar’s Opera von John Gay durch die Bauform der Dreigroschenoper, letztlich aber die Oper als „romantisches Institut“ generell >beybringt<: Es handelt sich bei diesem Werk im Grunde um ein Lehrstück in Form einer Oper. Zur Darstellung kommt, wie sich das zeigt, was schon allgemein bekannt zu sein scheint (Hegel), wie die Oper und das Zeigen selbst. Im Großformat: Soziale Verelendung. In etlichen Kleinformaten: Eine Hochzeit. Oder Eifersucht, Armut, Prostitution, Trunksucht, Liebe und Verrat oder das, was gemeinhin als „Kriminalität“ bezeichnet wird. Die Dialektik von Einfühlung und Verfremdung tritt als Index zutage: Die Beteiligung am Unbeteiligtsein durch das Zeigen „ohne Mitleid“. Das zweite Kapitel nimmt Brechts Kritik der Einfühlung beim Schauspielen auf und stellt sie reformpädagogischen Unterrichtskonzepten gegenüber. Diese Studien zur Didaktik beleuch-ten die ideologischen morphings der Formel „vom Kinde aus“ und arbeiten einen völlig neuen Begriff von Verfremdung heraus. Es geht um die problematische Vorherrschaft von Familiarisierungen durch Zeigen und Verfremden unter dem Fanal einer sich kindgerecht und human ausgebenden Pädagogik – das „Einfühlungstheater“. Kritisiert werden in Rücksicht auf Brechts Theater in Theorie und Praxis die Illusionen, die das >Beybringen< betreffen. Sei es beim „erfahrungsoffenen Lernen“, das auf den Phänomenen stehe (Wagenschein, Rumpf), sei es beim „handlungs- und schülerorientierten Unterricht“ (Meyer) oder aber beim „Methoden-training“ und dem „eigenverantwortlichen Arbeiten und Lernen“ (Klippert). Das Resultat ist, dass diese Einlassungen theoretisch nicht ganz koscher sind. Die Diagnose gilt nicht minder für eine Pilotstudie zum Holocaust als Unterrichtsthema. Favorisiert wird in diesen Reformen der Pädagogik „das Anschauen des Grauens“ (Brumlik). Im Schlußkapitel entsteht aus den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen eine Theorie der Didaktik. Die Didaktik selbst wird auf ihre eigentliche Aufgabe zurückgeführt: Die Deixis. Die Säulen der vorliegenden Arbeit bilden von Anfang an die Schriften von Klaus Prange, werden aber an dieser Stelle mit den Brechtschen besonders pointiert zusammengebracht. Entgegen Pranges Auffassung ist die Artikulation des Zeigens bereits als Elementarform der Verfremdung zu konstatieren. Rezeptionsästhetische Aspekte kommen ins Spiel (Gandelmann), die Rolle von präsentativen und diskursiven Symbolisierungsformen: „Das Zeigen des Zeigens gehört zur Sprache“ (Prange). Und es gehört nicht nur zur Sprache, sondern die Sprache kommt zur Sprache. Sie erfährt durch das Zeigemoment eine Rhetorisierung, gerade weil sie auch klingt. Die Formel „vom Kinde aus“ entpuppt sich vor dem Hintergrund als „leere Benzintonne“ (Whorf): Die Claqueure der Pädagogik der Reformen wähnen sich mit ihren illusorischen Theorien in Sicherheit, „rauchen“ und „trinken“ wie gewohnt weiter und nehmen nicht für wahr, das auch hier das Wesentliche und in dem Fall Gefährliche für die Augen unsichtbar ist: „How to do Things with words“ (Austin) – diese Frage ist von zentraler Bedeutung für die Pädagogik. Der Räuberhauptmann Macheath würde sagen: „Da kannst du was lernen.“
We measure face deformations during speech production using a motion capture system, which provides 3D coordinate data of about 60 markers glued on the speaker's face. An arbitrary orthogonal factor analysis followed by a principal component analysis (together called a guided PCA) of the data has showed that the first 6 factors explain about 90% of the variance, for each of our 3 speakers. The 6 derived factors, therefore, allow us to efficiently analyze or to reconstruct with a reasonable accuracy the observed face deformations. Since these factors can be interpreted in articulatory terms, they can reveal underlying articulatory organizations. The comparison of lip gestures in terms of data derived factors suggests that these speakers differently maneuver the lips to achieve contrast between /s/ and /R/. Such inter-speaker variability can occur because the acoustic contrast of these fricatives is shaped not only by the lip tube but also by cavities inside the mouth such as the sublingual cavity. In other words, these tube and cavity can acoustically compensate each other to produce their required acoustic properties.
The present article illustrates that the specific articulatory and aerodynamic requirements for voiced but not voiceless alveolar or dental stops can cause tongue tip retraction and tongue mid lowering and thus retroflexion of front coronals. This retroflexion is shown to have occurred diachronically in the three typologically unrelated languages Dhao (Malayo-Polynesian), Thulung (Sino-Tibetan), and Afar (East-Cushitic). In addition to the diachronic cases, we provide synchronic data for retroflexion from an articulatory study with four speakers of German, a language usually described as having alveolar stops. With these combined data we supply evidence that voiced retroflex stops (as the only retroflex segments in a language) did not necessarily emerge from implosives, as argued by Haudricourt (1950), Greenberg (1970), Bhat (1973), and Ohala (1983). Instead, we propose that the voiced front coronal plosive /d/ is generally articulated in a way that favours retroflexion, that is, with a smaller and more retracted place of articulation and a lower tongue and jaw position than /t/.