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The African continent is regularly portrayed as an indolent space with a well-known reputation as a chaotic continent. Viewed as lacking vision, means and capacities, Africa is perceived at best as a place that is marked by a permanent status quo, stagnation, or in worst case scenarios, as a declining continent. Various references to the continent are synonymous with famine, poverty, war, etc. Such portrayals are all the more intriguing given that the continent is known for its abundant natural resources, such as timber, oil, natural gas, minerals, etc., whose reserves are, moreover, not well known both by the African people and their leaders. As a result, there is still much progress to be made in tapping into the resources in order to improve the daily lives of African citizens.
In such a context dominated by infantile carelessness throughout the continent, the interventions of actors from outside the continent are the only hopes of bringing some vitality to this continent which is cloaked in "la grande nuit – the great darkness" (Mbembé 2013). Thus during the main sequences of recent history, representing different forms of Western penetration and activity on the African continent (slavery, imperialism, colonization), all the Western world’s contributions have obviously not sufficed to boost Africa and take it out of its never ending childhood. It has remained just as passive and apathetic today as it was yesterday.
The attraction of Asian actors to the continent is even more recent. And consistent with its abovementioned indolence, Africa is seen as an easy and defenceless prey for the Korean, Japanese, Indian, Malaysian, or Chinese conquerors. In the latter case, the insatiable appetite for natural resources whose reserves are being rapidly depleted is the cornerstone of their foreign aid policy. This led China to colonize the continent, showing a preference for Pariah Regimes which held no appeal for the West, by sending an army of workers to extract those resources (Lum et al. 2009), in defiance of all national and international regulations and based on completely opaque contracts.
Although the concept of African Agency was rapidly developed in several African countries, the aim of this study was more specific to Cameroon’s mining sector in which different entrepreneurs from abroad got involved over time. The thesis investigates whether indigenous citizens took part in any way in the development of mining projects in the country. Thus, the work assesses and analyses actions and reactions initiated and undertaken by local people in the context of China’s presence within Cameroon’s mining sector to promote and advance their interests over those of foreign investors. In addition, the author has no knowledge of any other study investigating African Agency in the mining sector as a whole in Cameroon.
In conducting this study, a multi-method research framework was developed including a series of methods used to collect data and analyse concepts of African Agency associated Political Ecology as they developed within Cameroon’s mining sector. Specifically, those methods comprised quantitative research when it came to collecting data using a positivist and empirical approach constructed by deducing evidence from statistical data collected by means of the 167 questionnaire surveys administered to local inhabitants and workers randomly selected on mining sites and in riparian communities. The questionnaires helped to capture Cameroonians' perceptions of the recent phenomenon of the gradual but significant influx of international actors and precisely Chinese players in the mining sector on the one hand, and on the other hand, observational data was collected across the GVC as developed in the Betare-Oya region. As a complement to the former technique, qualitative methods helped to study and deepen understanding of human behaviour and the social world in a holistic perspective through individual interviews, focus groups, and direct observations on the ground. In addition, the spatial analysis method based on the land use classification technique served to detect changes to land use/land cover that have been brought on by mechanised mining activities undertaken in this region. The sequencing of data collected and their processing from a ground theory perspective led to the formulation and specification of Cameroon’s Ecological Agency theory.
One of the earliest steps of this work consisted in a literature review and in placing the African Agency concept in a broader context. It then led to the state of the art, specifications about research content of the work and the main theories undergirding this thesis. Before examining developments that emerged during the last decade, a historical perspective was provided to the topic in order to show how African societies started mining operations and how they dealt with foreign partners interested in their mining resources. The aim was to show that while Western imperialism presented a challenge for the sector, it did not erase local participation, even despite the constraints associated with such involvement.
...
Attachment theory is commonly used to investigate children’s psychosocial development. To demonstrate cultural variability and to advance the idea of attachment as a collective resource, we assessed children’s attachment networks during middle childhood among the Nseh, a Cameroonian clan with distinct concepts of family and childhood. Using photo elicitation interviews, we used an exploratory approach to investigate the structural and functional composition of these networks and to generate a comprehensive overview. Participants were 11 children (six girls and five boys), aged 6 to 10 years. Children took photos of individuals who were important to them and with whom they felt safe, comfortable, and at ease. Then, in follow-up interviews they were asked to characterize their attachment figures on sociostructural dimensions and to elaborate how those individuals made them feel comfortable and safe. Transcripts of the interviews were coded using ethnographic strategies. Initial descriptive codes were analyzed concerning key terms, semantic relationships, and their context of meaning, before assigning higher level codes to generate distinct main categories of functionality. Children described attachment networks that were structurally adapted to concepts of social ties and interactional norms of the clan. Concerning their functionality, children differentiated between peers, responsible for overt emotional needs, and adults, providing nutritional care. We conclude that this pattern reflects sources of security and concepts of care of the distinct developmental environment. We discuss the importance of context-specific and comprehensive approaches to attachment, moving beyond Eurocentric monotropic concepts, with the goal of developing a complex understanding of childhood across ecocultural settings.
Cultural psychology assumes that the ecocultural conditions of a particular setting shape children’s pathways, resulting in multiple adaptive solutions to universal developmental tasks. While the adaptivity of attachment and children’s psychosocial development during the early years has been thoroughly investigated, attachment research during middle childhood continues to reflect Western ideals of family. Adhering to ideas of monotropy, most studies only focus on parental attachment figures. However, this restricted empirical perspective does not only result in a Eurocentric bias, it also neglects theoretical reflections on the growing complexity of attachment during middle childhood, thus only considering a limited selection of all individuals contributing to the children’s feeling of security, even in Western settings. To investigate the variability and adaptivity of attachment during middle childhood, this study assessed children’s attachment figures in two extreme settings of development, introducing an exhaustive network perspective on attachment during this developmental stage. Children of the Cameroonian Nseh (N = 11) and German children from Bad Nauheim (N = 11) identified and differentiated all individuals contributing to their attachment need in an exploratory and transdisciplinary approach. The socio-structural composition of children’s attachment networks follows the context-specific systems of care and concepts of interconnectedness and the ecological features of each setting, resulting in marked differences between both contexts. The functional composition, however, reflects children’s preoccupation with similar developmental challenges across settings. Same-aged peers contribute to the children’s feeling of safety in both settings, thereby deviating from previous reflections on their subordinate relevance during middle childhood. Overall, these results support the adaptiveness of children’s attachment patterns while also demonstrating universal trends across contexts. They highlight the collective nature of attachment during middle childhood that exceeds the impact of individual dyads. Thus, broad and context-sensitive research strategies become a necessary addition to attachment research in order to generate an exhaustive understanding for children’s development across cultural contexts.
The characters used in taxonomy to describe new species cannot always be used to identify species in population surveys involving large samples. We used DNA barcoding to validate the taxonomic status of the morphospecies used in an ecological study involving 11 000 individual African drosophilids which had been determined without dissection. Some taxonomic information had been lost by not discriminating between rare species or by mistakenly splitting a morphologically variable species into two groups. However, the original ecological dataset provided a reliable picture of species diversity and the conclusions based on the original dataset are still supported by the molecular data.
Durch die vorliegende Arbeit wird die Genese von Nyong- und Ntem-Einzugsgebiet seit der Öffnung des Südatlantiks unter Berücksichtigung neotektonischer Vorgänge nachgezeichnet. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen die Identifikation geeigneter Sedimentfallen als Proxydatenarchive zur Paläoumweltrekonstruktion. Mithilfe von Fernerkundung und Geländearbeit wird der Formenschatz in den Einzugsgebieten hinsichtlich ihrer Morphogenese untersucht. Vier Formengesellschaften werden unterschieden: (1) Rumpfflächen und Inselberge, (2) ‚demi-oranges’ und ‚bas-fonds’, (3) anastomosierender Flusslauf und (4) Rumpfstufe mit Inselgebirge und Kerbtälern. Sie werden morphodynamisch-genetisch interpretiert. (1) Ein Pisolithhorizont unter einer hillwash-Decke wird als Ferricretresiduum einer Paläooberfläche gedeutet und als Ergebnis der Pedimentierung gewertet. Die Morphogenese eines Inselbergs ergänzt die Diskussion zur Einrumpfung. Die Entwicklung zweier Altarme zeigt einen dritten Prozess, der vermutlich LGM-zeitlich die Region veränderte. Die Kuppe eines Inselbergs gibt ein ehemaliges Flächenniveau wieder. Durch die rückschreitende Verlagerung einer Stufe wurde er herauspräpariert. (2) In den oberen Einzugsgebieten liegen zwischen polykonvexen Hügeln breite Auen. Es wird angenommen, dass sich der Formenschatz durch Lateralerosion nach einer initialen Eintiefung gebildet hat. Flussanzapfungen reduzieren das obere Einzugsgebiet des Nyong. Eine Klassifikation in drei Klassen ist anhand der Überformung der Anzapfungen möglich: Die erste ist durch eine Talwasserscheide und Anzapfungsknie definiert. Bei der zweiten ist das Erscheinungsbild überprägt, die Orientierung zum ehemaligen Vorfluter ist jedoch eindeutig zu erkennen. Die dritte Klasse lässt nur noch aufgrund der Flussbettphysiognomie eine Anzapfung vermuten. (3) Im Ntem-Binnendelta wurden weitflächig Schotter und Gesteinsbruchstücke abgelagert und durch Mangan- und Eisenoxid zu einem Fanglomerat ausgehärtet. Das Gewässernetz bildet die geologischen Strukturen ab. Es wird angenommen, dass sich das Binnendelta primär durch eine gestaffelte Abschiebung entlang E-W verlaufender Brüche gebildet hat. Die Sedimentfallen wurden vom Ntem mit spätpleistozänen bis holozänen Sedimenten verfüllt. Ein ursprünglich flächenhaft ausgebildetes Ferricret wurde durch E-W verlaufende Brüche unterteilt. (4) Unterhalb des Binnendeltas überwindet der Ntem in einem Kerbtal entlang einer NNE-SSW-Struktur mit zwei linearen Störungen die Rumpfstufe. Es erinnert an einen Graben mit zwei Transformstörungen. Entlang des Tals wurden weitflächig Gesteinsbruchstücke und Schotter abgelagert, die zu einem Fanglomerat aushärteten. Gesteinsschnitte geben verschiedene Prozesse wieder, die die Bildung des Kerbtals als Graben belegen. Ergänzend wird eine Lineamentanalyse durchgeführt. Es werden vier Cluster herausgearbeitet, die die linearen Einheiten primär der panafrikanischen Orogenese zuordnen. Archaische Strukturen konnten nicht eindeutig zugewiesen werden. In der Synthese wird versucht, die Einzelergebnisse auf die Fläche zu extrapolieren. Die Arbeit bietet einen breiten Einblick in die tropische Geomorphologie mit der genetischen Diskussion unterschiedlicher Formengesellschaften. Es werden primär die strukturellen Richtungen N-S, E-W und NE-SW hervorgehoben, entlang derer eine neotektonische Remobilisation stattfand. Hebungen, die sich seit dem Miozän verstärkt haben, sind Auslöser für geomorphologische Modifikationen und Extensionsbrüche. Die Nähe zur aktiven Cameroon Volcanic Line und die Kompression des Kongokratons durch Riftprozesse lösen die tektonischen Ereignisse aus. Die wiederholte tektonische Erneuerung durch Hebungen des zentralafrikanischen Hinterlands führte zu einer Umgestaltung des Drainagenetzes.
New lichens from Africa
(2021)
The following species are described as new to science, mostly based on specimens collected by the first author: Candelariella flavosorediata from Réunion, Chiodecton leprarioides from Réunion, Lecanactis leprarica from Cameroon, Multisporidea nitida, which is a new species and a new, monotypic genus in the Malmideaceae from Réunion, Neoprotoparmelia fuscosorediata from Kenya, Pyrrhospora endaurantia from Kenya, and Tapellaria isidiata from Cameroon.
Among the 40 genera of Barychelidae, only nine genera are described from the African continent. Thorell (1899) described Ammonius Thorell, 1899 based on a male from Cameroon. In 1965 Benoit added more information from the holotype, with detailed illustrations of the male palp bulb and the eye group. Since then, few taxonomic revisions or new species of Barychelidae have been proposed from the African continent. Ammonius can be distinguished by the strongly pronounced retrolateral lobe of the male cymbium and the aspect of the bilobed spermathecae of the female. We redescribe the holotype male of A. pupulus Thorell, 1899 and describe the female for the first time. Additionally, a new species is described: Ammonius benoiti sp. nov., from Ivory Coast. The morphology of the tarsal setae is presented through SEM photographs. New distribution records of the genus are provided.
Recognizing individual faces is an important human ability that highly depends on experience. This is reflected in the so called other-race effect; adults are better at recognizing faces from their own ethnic group, while very young infants do not show this specialization yet. Two experiments examined whether 3-year-old children from two different cultural backgrounds show the other-race effect. In Experiment 1, German children (N = 41) were presented with a forced choice paradigm where they were asked to recognize female Caucasian or African faces. In Experiment 2, 3-year-olds from Cameroon (N = 66) participated in a similar task using the same stimulus material. In both cultures the other-race effect was present; children were better at recognizing individual faces from their own ethnic group. In addition, German children performed at a higher overall level of accuracy than Cameroonians. The results are discussed in relation to cultural aspects in particular.
A new genus, Campodesmoides gen. nov., is described to only encompass C. corniger sp. nov., from Cameroon. This genus and species is distinguished from the few known species of the small western African family Campodesmidae, all currently in Campodesmus, by the much longer antennae and legs, the normal pore formula with ozopores borne on porosteles, and the suberect and distally twisted gonopod, coupled with peculiar horns on a few anterior postcollum segments. A new Campodesmus is also described, C. alobatus sp. nov., from Ivory Coast, which differs from congeners primarily in the lack of a dorsal/lateral lobe on the otherwise usual and strongly subcircular gonopod telopodite, albeit the latter is not directed mesad, but held subparallel to the main body axis.