Refine
Document Type
- Article (6)
- Doctoral Thesis (1)
Has Fulltext
- yes (7)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (7)
Keywords
- atrial fibrillation (7) (remove)
Institute
- Medizin (6)
- Biowissenschaften (1)
Transcatheter left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) is non-inferior to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in preventing thromboembolic events in atrial fibrillation (AF). Non-vitamin K antagonists (NOACs) have an improved safety profile over VKAs; however, evidence regarding their effect on cardiovascular and neurological outcomes relative to LAAO is limited. Up-to-date randomized trials or propensity-score-matched data comparing LAAO vs. NOACs in high-risk patients with AF were pooled in our study. A total of 2849 AF patients (LAAO: 1368, NOACs: 1481, mean age: 75 ± 7.5 yrs, 63.5% male) were enrolled. The mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 4.3 ± 1.7, and the mean HAS-BLED score was 3.4 ± 1.2. The baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. In the LAAO group, the success rate of device implantation was 98.8%. During a mean follow-up of 2 years, as compared with NOACs, LAAO was associated with a significant reduction of ISTH major bleeding (p = 0.0002). There were no significant differences in terms of ischemic stroke (p = 0.61), ischemic stroke/thromboembolism (p = 0.63), ISTH major and clinically relevant minor bleeding (p = 0.73), cardiovascular death (p = 0.63), and all-cause mortality (p = 0.71). There was a trend toward reduction of combined major cardiovascular and neurological endpoints in the LAAO group (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.64–1.11, p = 0.12). In conclusion, for high-risk AF patients, LAAO is associated with a significant reduction of ISTH major bleeding without increased ischemic events, as compared to “contemporary NOACs”. The present data show the superior role of LAAO over NOACs among high-risk AF patients in terms of reduction of major bleeding; however, more randomized controlled trials are warranted.
Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde eine genetische Disposition für Vorhofflimmern (VHF) untersucht. Der Einzelnukleotidpolymorphismus ("single nucleotide polymorphism", SNP) 38G/S befindet sich im N-Terminus der ß-Untereinheit KCNE1. Diese ß-Untereinheit konstituiert gemeinsam mit der alpha-Untereinheit KCNQ1 die langsame Komponente des verzögerten Gleichrichterstromes, IKs. Die ß-Untereinheit hat hierbei eine modulierende Funktion. Frühere Studien beschäftigten sich hauptsächlich mit der transmembranären Domäne und dem C-Terminus. Über die Rolle des N-Terminus war bislang wenig bekannt. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Aufgabe des N-Terminus bei der Modulation der alpha-Untereinheit zu identifizieren. Außerdem sollte festgestellt werden, welche Aminosäuren hierbei besonders von Bedeutung sind. Zu diesem Zweck wurden diverse Konstrukte synthetisiert. Für das Konstrukt delta1-38’ wurden die Aminosäuren 1-38 und damit der Großteil des N-Terminus entfernt. Das Konstrukt "linker" enthält anstelle des Glyzins oder Serins an Position 38 fünf Alanine. In der Nähe der von dem SNP betroffenen Aminosäure befinden sich des Weiteren drei Arginine, die mit jeweils einem Alanin substituiert wurden. Für alle Versuche diente die nicht VHF-assoziierte Variante des SNPs als Kontrolle. Alle Konstrukte konnten erfolgreich heterolog exprimiert werden und gleichermaßen mit der alpha-Untereinheit immunopräzipitiert werden. Die aus der Co-Transfektion von KCNQ1 und KCNE1 resultierende Stromdichte wurde mittels "Patch-clamp"-Technik untersucht. Im Vergleich zum Kontrollstrom (KCNQ1 + KCNE1-38S) waren die Ströme aller anderen Gruppen während De- und Repolarisation signifikant kleiner. Zellfraktionierung und konfokale Mikroskopie zeigten, dass im Vergleich zur Kontrolle alle anderen Konstrukte eine verminderte Plasmamembranlokalisation aufwiesen. Die Aufgabe des N-Terminus liegt offensichtlich im Transport beider Untereinheiten an die Plasmamembran und/oder der Verankerung dort. Sowohl die Aminosäure in Position 38 als auch die drei N-terminalen Arginine in der Nähe scheinen für den hier gesuchten Mechanismus von Bedeutung zu sein. Zukünftige Experimente könnten beispielsweise 3D-Simulationen der Proteinfaltung beinhalten, um die potentielle Membranverankerung weiter zu untersuchen. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit untersuchte erworbene elektrophysiologische Veränderungen im Rahmen von VHF am Beispiel der einwärts gleichrichtenden Kaliumströme IK1 und IKACh. Es sollten die zugrunde liegenden regulatorischen Mechanismen für die Heraufregulierung von IK1 und IKACh bei VHF untersucht werden. Alle Experimente wurden an humanem Gewebe des linken Vorhofs durchgeführt. Das Gewebe stammt von VHF-Patienten, die sich einer Mitralklappen-Operation unterzogen. Als Kontrolle wurde Gewebe von Patienten im Sinusrhythmus (SR) verwendet. Zunächst wurde untersucht, ob transkriptionelle und/oder posttranskriptionelle Veränderungen oder funktionelle Effekte der Heraufregulierung der Ströme zugrunde liegen. Entsprechend wurde die Proteinexpression mittels Western Blot quantifiziert. Die Quantifizierung der mRNA erfolgte per Realtime-PCR. Veränderungen für IK1 konnten sowohl auf mRNA- als auch auf translationaler Ebene beobachtet werden. Protein- und mRNA-Expression von Kir2.1, der zugrunde liegenden Proteinuntereinheit, waren bei VHF signifikant erhöht; die Expression der inhibitorischen miR-1 war reduziert. Die Bestimmung der Protein- und mRNA-Expression der zugrunde liegenden Proteinuntereinheiten für den Strom IKACh zeigte dagegen keinen Unterschied zwischen Gewebe von Patienten mit VHF und SR. Eine funktionelle Regulierung schien daher möglich. Die Expression der IKACh modulierenden Proteine Calmodulin und G alpha i-3 unter VHF zeigte jedoch keinen signifikanten Unterschied zu der SR-Gruppe. Es war eine Tendenz zur Reduktion des inhibierenden G alpha i-3 zu beobachten. Die Regulierung von IKACh,c bei VHF bleibt in zukünftigen Arbeiten zu untersuchen. Ein möglicher Versuch wäre, therapeutisch in die Regulation der Kir-Untereinheiten einzugreifen, um das VHF-unterstützende, elektrische "Remodeling" des IK1 zu verhindern.
Stroke is a major public health issue worldwide. The prevalence of stroke in 2010 was 33 million, with 16.9 million people having a first stroke.1 Stroke was the second‐leading cause of death behind heart disease globally, accounting for over 10% of total deaths worldwide.
Stroke is a heterogeneous condition that can be due to rupture of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic) or to blockage of a vessel (ischemic). About 85% of strokes are ischemic in origin and these are often classified by mechanism. This should be distinguished from risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, smoking, etc. Risk factors increase the risk of stroke but do not necessarily explain the mechanism of a particular stroke. About 25% of ischemic strokes have a radiographic appearance similar to that seen in patients with cardioembolic sources (such as atrial fibrillation [AF], prosthetic valves, valvular prolapse, or mitral valve regurgitation), but no embolic source is found. These "cryptogenic strokes" (CS; also called embolic strokes of undetermined source) pose a particular clinical challenge in that the optimal antithrombotic therapy to reduce recurrence is uncertain. Since there are currently no data to support long‐term oral anticoagulation (OAC) in CS, but also no specific trials that have addressed this question, guidelines recommend antiplatelet therapy. Identification of AF in these patients changes the most likely mechanism to cardioembolism, and thus changes the recommended antithrombotic therapy to OAC, which is extremely effective in preventing stroke in patients with AF.
This report is based on discussions held at The Diagnostics and Monitoring Stroke Focus Group, a meeting held on January 15 to 17, 2015. The meeting focused on CS as a healthcare issue, and the utility of extended cardiac monitoring for AF in patients with strokes of unknown origin. The objectives of the meeting were to review existing information on the subject, define areas where knowledge was lacking or limited, and discuss study designs by which information gaps might be filled.
Background: Outcomes of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) are variable and the predictors of success require further elucidation since the identification of correctable risk factors could help to optimize therapy. We aimed to assess the impact of body mass index (BMI) in the overall safety and efficacy of catheter ablation of AF, with emphasis on the use of cryoballoon ablation and novel oral anticoagulants.
Methods and Results: There were 2497 consecutive patients undergoing catheter ablation of AF in 7 European high volume centers were stratified according to BMI (normal weight <25 kg/m2, pre‐obese 25–30 kg/m2, obesity 30–35 kg/m2, and morbid obesity ≥35 kg/m2) and comparisons of procedural outcomes evaluated. Pre‐obese and obese patients presented more comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and sleep apnea), and had higher rates of non‐paroxysmal AF ablation procedures. The rate of atrial 12‐month arrhythmia relapse increased alongside with BMI (35.2%, 35.7%, 43.6%, and 48.0% P<0.001). During a median follow‐up of 18.8 months (interquartile range 11–28), after adjusting for all baseline differences, BMI was an independent predictor of relapse (hazard ratio=1.01 per kg/m2; 95% CI 1.01–1.02; P=0.002), adding incremental predictive value to obstructive sleep apnea. BMI was not a predictor for any of the reported complications. Using novel oral anticoagulants and cryoballoon ablation was safe and efficacy was comparable with vitamin‐K antagonists and radiofrequency ablation.
Conclusions: Obese patients present with a more adverse comorbidity profile, more advanced forms of AF, and have lower chances of being free from AF relapse after ablation. Use of novel oral anticoagulants and cryoballoon ablation may be an option in this patient group.
Background The endogenous amino acid homoarginine predicts mortality in cerebro‐ and cardiovascular disease. The objective was to explore whether homoarginine is associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) and outcome in patients with acute chest pain.
Methods and Results One thousand six hundred forty‐nine patients with acute chest pain were consecutively enrolled in this study, of whom 589 were diagnosed acute coronary syndrome (ACS). On admission, plasma concentrations of homoarginine as well as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and high‐sensitivity assayed troponin I (hsTnI) were determined along with electrocardiography (ECG) variables. During a median follow‐up of 183 days, 60 major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs; 3.8%), including all‐cause death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, were registered in the overall study population and 43 MACEs (7.5%) in the ACS subgroup. Adjusted multivariable Cox regression analyses revealed that an increase of 1 SD of plasma log‐transformed homoarginine (0.37) was associated with a hazard reduction of 26% (hazard ratio [HR], 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57–0.96) for incident MACE and likewise of 35% (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.49–0.88) in ACS patients. In Kaplan–Meier survival curves, homoarginine was predictive for patients with high‐sensitivity assayed troponin I (hsTnI) above 27 ng/L (P<0.05). Last, homoarginine was inversely associated with QTc duration (P<0.001) and prevalent AF (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.71–0.95).
Conclusion Low plasma homoarginine was identified as a risk marker for incident MACEs in patients with acute chest pain, in particular, in those with elevated hsTnI. Impaired homoarginine was associated with prevalent AF. Further studies are needed to investigate the link to AF and evaluate homoarginine as a therapeutic option for these patients.
The FIRE AND ICE Trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT01490814) was initiated in 2012 as a multicenter, randomized, head‐to‐head comparison of radiofrequency current (RFC) and cryoballoon catheter ablation for the treatment of patients with drug‐refractory symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Six years on, it remains the largest, randomized comparison of safety and efficacy between 2 catheter ablation modalities used in the treatment of patients with AF. This landmark trial not only established noninferiority between cryoballoon and RFC ablation for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) with regard to the study's efficacy and safety primary end points,1 but also, it evaluated secondary end points that were critical for a representative study interpretation. ...
Background: This study sought to assess payer costs following cryoballoon or radiofrequency current (RFC) catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the randomized FIRE AND ICE trial.
Methods and Results: A trial period analysis of healthcare costs evaluated the impact of ablation modality (cryoballoon versus RFC) on differences in resource use and associated payer costs. Analyses were based on repeat interventions, rehospitalizations, and cardioversions during the trial, with unit costs based on 3 national healthcare systems (Germany [€], the United Kingdom [£], and the United States [Embedded Image]). Total payer costs were calculated by applying standard unit costs to hospital stays, using International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision diagnoses and procedure codes that were mapped to country‐specific diagnosis‐related groups. Patients (N=750) randomized 1:1 to cryoballoon (n=374) or RFC (n=376) ablation were followed for a mean of 1.5 years. Resource use was lower in the cryoballoon than the RFC group (205 hospitalizations and/or interventions in 122 patients versus 268 events in 154 patients). The cost differences per patient in mean total payer costs during follow‐up were €640, £364, and Embedded Image925 in favor of cryoballoon ablation (P=0.012, 0.013, and 0.016, respectively). This resulted in trial period total cost savings of €245 000, £140 000, and Embedded Image355 000.
Conclusions: When compared with RFC ablation, cryoballoon ablation was associated with a reduction in resource use and payer costs. In all 3 national healthcare systems analyzed, this reduction resulted in substantial trial period cost savings, primarily attributable to fewer repeat ablations and a reduction in cardiovascular rehospitalizations with cryoballoon ablation.
Clinical Trial Registration: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Identifier: NCT01490814.