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As contendas filosóficas acerca da definição e da aplicação da ‘verdade’ desenvolvem-se desde a antiguidade até os dias atuais. O questionamento sobre as condições ideais para se alcançar a verdade e se estas condições podem ser satisfeitas, se a realidade pode ser conhecida com ela é ou se apenas podemos conhecer sua forma apresentada, todas estas indagações, ocuparam também o pragmatista e o neo-pragmatista Jürgen Habermas e Richard Rorty, respectivamente. Enquanto Richard Rorty, motivado pela Virada Linguística, pretende seguir o caminho oposto ao da Metafísica, substituindo a noção de verdade enquanto “descoberta” por verdade enquanto “construção”, Habermas sugere que existem condições de validação para aquilo que chamamos ‘verdadeiro’, que já encontram-se previamente estabelecidas no contexto de argumentação e que devem ser satisfeitas. Com o objetivo de analisar as posições de ambos os filósofos citados, apresentaremos de forma sucinta a visão de cada um acerca do debate sobre a verdade e a crítica que Habermas tece a respeito da interpretação que Rorty fornece.
Switching between reading tasks leads to phase-transitions in reading times in L1 and L2 readers
(2019)
Reading research uses different tasks to investigate different levels of the reading process, such as word recognition, syntactic parsing, or semantic integration. It seems to be tacitly assumed that the underlying cognitive process that constitute reading are stable across those tasks. However, nothing is known about what happens when readers switch from one reading task to another. The stability assumptions of the reading process suggest that the cognitive system resolves this switching between two tasks quickly. Here, we present an alternative language-game hypothesis (LGH) of reading that begins by treating reading as a softly-assembled process and that assumes, instead of stability, context-sensitive flexibility of the reading process. LGH predicts that switching between two reading tasks leads to longer lasting phase-transition like patterns in the reading process. Using the nonlinear-dynamical tool of recurrence quantification analysis, we test these predictions by examining series of individual word reading times in self-paced reading tasks where native (L1) and second language readers (L2) transition between random word and ordered text reading tasks. We find consistent evidence for phase-transitions in the reading times when readers switch from ordered text to random-word reading, but we find mixed evidence when readers transition from random-word to ordered-text reading. In the latter case, L2 readers show moderately stronger signs for phase-transitions compared to L1 readers, suggesting that familiarity with a language influences whether and how such transitions occur. The results provide evidence for LGH and suggest that the cognitive processes underlying reading are not fully stable across tasks but exhibit soft-assembly in the interaction between task and reader characteristics.
An information system is more than just the information technology; it is the system that emerges from the complex interactions and relationships between the information technology and the organization. However, what impact information technology has on an organization and how organizational structures and organizational change influence information technology remains an open question. We propose a theory to explain how communication structures emerge and adapt to environmental changes. We operationalize the interplay of information technology and organization as language communities whose members use and develop domain-specific languages for communication. Our theory is anchored in the philosophy of language. In developing it as an emergent perspective, we argue that information systems are self-organizing and that control of this ability is disseminated throughout the system itself, to the members of the language community. Information technology influences the dynamics of this adaptation process as a fundamental constraint leading to perturbations for the information system. We demonstrate how this view is separated from the entanglement in practice perspective and show that this understanding has far-reaching consequences for developing, managing, and examining information systems.