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This study presents comprehensive real-world data on the use of anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) therapies in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Specifically, it describes therapy patterns with trastuzumab (H), pertuzumab + trastuzumab (PH), lapatinib (L), and trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1). The PRAEGNANT study is a real-time, real-world registry for MBC patients. All therapy lines are documented. This analysis describes the utilization of anti-HER2 therapies as well as therapy sequences. Among 1936 patients in PRAEGNANT, 451 were HER2-positive (23.3%). In the analysis set (417 patients), 53% of whom were included in PRAEGNANT in the first-line setting, 241 were treated with H, 237 with PH, 85 with L, and 125 with T-DM1 during the course of their therapies. The sequence PH → T-DM1 was administered in 51 patients. Higher Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scores, negative hormone receptor status, and visceral or brain metastases were associated with more frequent use of this therapy sequence. Most patients received T-DM1 after treatment with pertuzumab. Both novel therapies (PH and T-DM1) are utilized in a high proportion of HER2-positive breast cancer patients. As most patients receive T-DM1 after PH, real-world data may help to clarify whether the efficacy of this sequence is similar to that in the approval study.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. In a cohort of 189 patients with CRC, we recently showed that expression of the cytoskeletal scaffolding protein non-erythroid spectrin αII (SPTAN1) was lower in advanced metastatic tumours. The aim of the present study was to clarify the association of intratumoural SPTAN1 expression levels with treatment and survival outcomes in patients with CRC. The analysis was based on histologic assessment of SPTAN1 protein levels in our own CRC cohort, and transcriptome data of 573 CRC cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We first establish that high intratumoural levels of SPTAN1 protein and mRNA associate with favourable survival outcomes in patients with CRC. Next, a response prediction signature applied to the TCGA data reveals a possible link between high SPTAN1 transcript levels and improved patient responses to FOLFOX chemotherapy. Complementary in vitro experiments confirm that SPTAN1 knockdown strains of the colon cancer cell lines HT-29, HCT116 mlh1-2 and Caco-2 are less responsive to FOLFOX chemotherapy compared with SPTAN1-proficient control strains. Taken together, we identify SPTAN1 as a novel prognostic biomarker in CRC and show that SPTAN1 expression levels may predict patient responses to chemotherapy. These investigations illustrate how an affordable, histology-based diagnostic test could directly impact therapeutic decision-making at the bedside.
Background: There currently are no internationally recognised treatment guidelines for patients with advanced gastric cancer/gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (GC/GEJC) in whom two prior lines of therapy have failed. The randomised, phase III JAVELIN Gastric 300 trial compared avelumab versus physician’s choice of chemotherapy as third-line therapy in patients with advanced GC/GEJC.
Patients and methods: Patients with unresectable, recurrent, locally advanced, or metastatic GC/GEJC were recruited at 147 sites globally. All patients were randomised to receive either avelumab 10 mg/kg by intravenous infusion every 2 weeks or physician’s choice of chemotherapy (paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15 or irinotecan 150 mg/m2 on days 1 and 15, each of a 4-week treatment cycle); patients ineligible for chemotherapy received best supportive care. The primary end point was overall survival (OS). Secondary end points included progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and safety.
Results: A total of 371 patients were randomised. The trial did not meet its primary end point of improving OS {median, 4.6 versus 5.0 months; hazard ratio (HR)=1.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9–1.4]; P= 0.81} or the secondary end points of PFS [median, 1.4 versus 2.7 months; HR=1.73 (95% CI 1.4–2.2); P> 0.99] or ORR (2.2% versus 4.3%) in the avelumab versus chemotherapy arms, respectively. Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) of any grade occurred in 90 patients (48.9%) and 131 patients (74.0%) in the avelumab and chemotherapy arms, respectively. Grade ≥3 TRAEs occurred in 17 patients (9.2%) in the avelumab arm and in 56 patients (31.6%) in the chemotherapy arm.
Conclusions: Treatment of patients with GC/GEJC with single-agent avelumab in the third-line setting did not result in an improvement in OS or PFS compared with chemotherapy. Avelumab showed a more manageable safety profile than chemotherapy.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02625623.
Novel insights into the synergistic interaction of Bortezomib and TRAIL: tBid provides the link
(2011)
The proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib has been identified as a potent enhancer of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in several human cancers. However, the identification of the underlying molecular mechanisms of this synergistic cell death induction has been ongoing over the last years. A recent study identifies a new mechanism of action for the synergism of TRAIL and Bortezomib.
Introduction: Over the last decade, multiple clinical trials demonstrated improved survival after chemotherapy for metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa). However, real-world data validating this effect within large-scale epidemiological data sets are scarce. We addressed this void. Materials and Methods: Men with de novo mPCa were identified and systemic chemotherapy status was ascertained within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004–2016). Patients were divided between historical (2004–2013) versus contemporary (2014–2016). Chemotherapy rates were plotted over time. Kaplan–Meier plots and Cox regression models with additional multivariable adjustments addressed overall and cancer-specific mortality. All tests were repeated in propensity-matched analyses. Results: Overall, 19,913 patients had de novo mPCa between 2004 and 2016. Of those, 1838 patients received chemotherapy. Of 1838 chemotherapy-exposed patients, 903 were historical, whereas 905 were contemporary. Chemotherapy rates increased from 5% to 25% over time. Median overall survival was not reached in contemporary patients versus was 24 months in historical patients (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.55, p < 0.001). After propensity score matching and additional multivariable adjustment (age, prostate-specific antigen, GGG, cT-stage, cN-stage, cM-stage, and local treatment) a HR of 0.55 (p < 0.001) was recorded. Analyses were repeated for cancer-specific mortality after adjustment for other cause mortality in competing risks regression models and recorded virtually the same findings before and after propensity score matching (HR: 0.55, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In mPCa patients, chemotherapy rates increased over time. A concomitant increase in survival was also recorded.
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is the most frequent subtype of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), and the incidence has globally increased in recent years. In contrast to surgically treated iCCA, data on the impact of fibrosis on survival in patients undergoing palliative chemotherapy are missing. We retrospectively analyzed the cases of 70 patients diagnosed with iCCA between 2007 and 2020 in our tertiary hospital. Histopathological assessment of fibrosis was performed by an expert hepatobiliary pathologist. Additionally, the fibrosis-4 score (FIB-4) was calculated as a non-invasive surrogate marker for liver fibrosis. For overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox-regression analyses were performed. Subgroup analyses revealed a median OS of 21 months (95% CI = 16.7–25.2 months) and 16 months (95% CI = 7.6–24.4 months) for low and high fibrosis, respectively (p = 0.152). In non-cirrhotic patients, the median OS was 21.8 months (95% CI = 17.1–26.4 months), compared with 9.5 months (95% CI = 4.6–14.3 months) in cirrhotic patients (p = 0.007). In conclusion, patients with iCCA and cirrhosis receiving palliative chemotherapy have decreased OS rates, while fibrosis has no significant impact on OS or PFS. These patients should not be prevented from state-of-the-art first-line chemotherapy.
Despite the success of immune checkpoint blockade in cancer, the number of patients that benefit from this revolutionary treatment option remains low. Therefore, efforts are being undertaken to sensitize tumors for immune checkpoint blockade, which includes combining immune checkpoint blocking agents such as anti-PD-1 antibodies with standard of care treatments. Here we report that a combination of chemotherapy (doxorubicin) and immune checkpoint blockade (anti-PD-1 antibodies) induces superior tumor control compared to chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade alone in the murine autochthonous polyoma middle T oncogene-driven (PyMT) mammary tumor model. Using whole transcriptome analysis, we identified a set of genes that were upregulated specifically upon chemoimmunotherapy. This gene signature and, more specifically, a condensed four-gene signature predicted favorable survival of human mammary carcinoma patients in the METABRIC cohort. Moreover, PyMT tumors treated with chemoimmunotherapy contained higher levels of cytotoxic lymphocytes, particularly natural killer cells (NK cells). Gene set enrichment analysis and bead-based ELISA measurements revealed increased IL-27 production and signaling in PyMT tumors upon chemoimmunotherapy. Moreover, IL-27 signaling improved NK cell cytotoxicity against PyMT cells in vitro. Taken together, our data support recent clinical observations indicating a benefit of chemoimmunotherapy compared to monotherapy in breast cancer and suggest potential underlying mechanisms.
Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is caused by recurrent somatic mutations leading to clonal blood cell expansion. However, direct evidence of the fitness of CHIP-mutated human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in blood reconstitution is lacking. Because myeloablative treatment and transplantation enforce stress on HSCs, we followed 81 patients with solid tumors or lymphoid diseases undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for the development of CHIP. We found a high incidence of CHIP (22%) after ASCT with a high mean variant allele frequency (VAF) of 10.7%. Most mutations were already present in the graft, albeit at lower VAFs, demonstrating a selective reconstitution advantage of mutated HSCs after ASCT. However, patients with CHIP mutations in DNA-damage response genes showed delayed neutrophil reconstitution. Thus, CHIP-mutated stem and progenitor cells largely gain on clone size upon ASCT-related blood reconstitution, leading to an increased future risk of CHIP-associated complications.
Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is caused by recurrent somatic mutations leading to clonal blood cell expansion. However, direct evidence of the fitness of CHIP-mutated human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in blood reconstitution is lacking. Because myeloablative treatment and transplantation enforce stress on HSCs, we followed 81 patients with solid tumors or lymphoid diseases undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for the development of CHIP. We found a high incidence of CHIP (22%) after ASCT with a high mean variant allele frequency (VAF) of 10.7%. Most mutations were already present in the graft, albeit at lower VAFs, demonstrating a selective reconstitution advantage of mutated HSCs after ASCT. Thus, CHIP-mutated stem and progenitor cells largely gain on clone size upon ASCT-related blood reconstitution, leading to an increased future risk of CHIP-associated complications. CHIP increase with age and is also associated with atherosclerosis and inflammation. Age and inflammation are the major risk factors for heart failure, yet the association of CHIP with chronic ischemic heart failure (CHF) in humans is unknown. Therefore, we analyzed bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells from 200 patients with CHF by NGS to detect the presence of CHIP and associated such with long-term prognosis in patients with CHF. Forty-seven mutations with a VAF of at least 2% were found in 18.5% of 200 patients with CHF. The mutations most commonly occurred in the genes DNMT3A and TET2. During a median follow-up of 4.4 years, a significantly worse clinical outcome for patients with either DNMT3A or TET2 mutations compared with non-CHIP carriers was notable. Importantly, there was a significant dose-response association between VAF and clinical outcome. Our data suggest that somatic mutations in hematopoietic cells, may be significantly associated with the progression and poor prognosis of CHF.
Die Herstellung von Poly(butylcyanoacrylat)-Nanopartikeln (PBCA-NP) ist seit fast 25 Jahren bekannt. Sie erfolgt meist durch anionische Emulsionspolymerisation von Butylcyanoacrylat unter Verwendung von Dextran 70.000 als Stabilisator. Vereinzelt wurde in früheren Arbeiten bereits Pluronic® F68 als Emulgator für die Polymerisationsreaktion verwendet. Diese Arbeit hat ihren Schwerpunkt in der Herstellung von PBCA-NP mit F68 als Stabilisator. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich mit diesem Hilfsstoff ebenfalls nanopartikuläre Trägersysteme reproduzierbar und im gewünschten Größenbereich um 200 nm herstellen lassen. Diese Partikel besitzen im Gegensatz zu Dextran-stabilisierten NP eine sehr enge Größenverteilung. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden die hergestellten NP im Bezug auf ihr Molekulargewicht und ihre Dichte charakterisiert. Ein Partikel besitzt die Masse von ca. 2,5 * 109 Dalton und hat eine Dichte von etwa 1,148 g/cm³. Bei einem PBCA-Nanopartikel handelt es sich jedoch nicht um ein Riesenmolekül, vielmehr wird er durch Agglomeration von relativ kurzen Polymerketten gebildet. Ein Partikel besteht aus ca. einer Million Polymerketten, welche ein Molekulargewicht von ca. 2500 g/mol besitzen. Der Einfluss der Herstellungsparameter auf leere und arzneistoffbeladene Partikel wurde untersucht. Die Partikel wurden hierbei durch die Parameter Partikelgröße, Polydispersität, Partikelausbeute, Zetapotential und Molekulargewicht charakterisiert. Neben der Herstellung durch anionische Emulsionspolymerisation wurden NP durch radikalische Emulsionspolymerisation und Nanopräzipitation erhalten. Auch unter Verwendung dieser Verfahren wurden Trägersysteme im gewohnten Größenbereich um 200 nm gebildet. Zusätzlich zur Herstellung von NP hat sich diese Arbeit auch mit den Charakterisierungsmethoden für kleinpartikuläre Arzneiformen auseinandergesetzt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die häufig angewendete dynamische Lichtstreuung ein geeignetes Verfahren zur Ermittlung des mittleren Partikeldurchmessers darstellt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Methode stimmen weitgehend mit den Resultaten der zusätzlich verwendeten mikroskopischen Verfahren und der analytischen Ultrazentrifugation überein. Der Einsatz der analytischen Ultrazentrifugation lieferte die best aufgelöste Partikelgrößenverteilung und ermöglichte darüber hinaus die Bestimmung der Dichte der Partikel. Neben der mittleren Größe der Trägersysteme wurde auch das mittlere Molekulargewicht der gebildeten Polymerketten bestimmt. Die hierfür als Standard eingesetzte Gel-Permeations-Chromatographie wurde mit einem relativ neuen Verfahren, der MALDI TOF Massenspektrometrie verglichen. Beide Verfahren lieferten ein zahlenmittleres Molekulargewicht der Polymerketten von 2500 – 3000 Da. Lediglich im Bezug auf das gewichtsmittlere Molekulargewicht zeigten sich größere Unterschiede zwischen beiden Messverfahren, welche jedoch auf das zugrunde liegende Messprinzip und nicht auf das untersuchte PBCA zurückzuführen sind. Mit Hilfe der Massenspektrometrie konnte die chemische Struktur der Polymerketten näher aufgeklärt werden. Neben den Produkten des seit langem postulierten Reaktionsmechanismus finden sich Derivate des Polymers, welche formal durch Abspaltung bzw. Anlagerung von Formaldehyd entstehen. Die Menge an frei vorliegendem Formaldehyd scheint jedoch so gering zu sein, dass sie kaum die Hauptursache für die relative Toxizität der PACA-NP darstellen kann. Darüber hinaus ist es möglich, durch Wahl der Reaktionsbedingungen die Bildung von Derivaten des Ursprungspolymers und von Formaldehyd zu minimieren. Die Ergebnisse in der Herstellung und Charakterisierung von leeren Pluronic® F68-stabilisierten PBCA-NP ließen die Verwendung von Doxorubicin-beladenen NP unter Verwendung dieses Stabilisators für die Gehirntumor-Therapie viel versprechend erscheinen. Die hergestellten Nanopartikel zeigten eine im Vergleich zu Dextran-stabilisierten Doxorubicin-NP signifikant niedrigere Arzneistoffbeladung. Die dessen ungeachtet durchgeführte experimentelle Chemotherapie an Glioblastom-tragenden Ratten lieferte jedoch ermutigende Ergebnisse. Die neu entwickelte Zubereitung führte zu einem vergleichbaren Prozentsatz an Remissionen wie die bisherige Standard-PBCA-Formulierung. Die F68-stabilisierte Formulierung und die bisherige Standard-Formulierung mit Polysorbat 80 zeigten nach Inkubation mit humanem Plasma ein vergleichbares Adsorptionsmuster an Plasmaproteinen. Auf Basis der vorangegangenen Studien und dieser Arbeit erscheint es möglich, eine potente nanopartikuläre Doxorubicin-Zubereitung zu entwickeln, welche ausreichend charakterisiert ist, um ihre Anwendung am Menschen zu vertreten.