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O artigo propõe traçar a evolução da Teoria do Reconhecimento através da obra de seu autor, Axel Honneth, e apresentar sua recepção no Brasil acompanhada de suas críticas e interpretações. Na primeira parte do artigo é apresentado o conjunto da obra do autor, buscando evidenciar sua evolução interna e os diálogos que Honneth estabelece com seus antecessores. Na segunda parte, discute-se a pertinência, abrangência ou adaptabilidade da Teoria do Reconhecimento a partir de dois pontos principais apontados pelas diversas interpretações da obra do autor: 1) a concepção individualista da autonomia e as suas implicações sobre o entendimento do papel da ação coletiva na luta pelo reconhecimento; 2) as dificuldades de operacionalização teórico-metodológica do seu sistema conceitual em estudos empíricos, e ainda associadas aos parâmetros cívicos europeus, ou mesmo alemães, sobre os quais o autor constrói sua noção de normatividade. Como será desenvolvido, esses temas se encontram articulados entre si e explorados pelos diferentes artigos que compõem o presente dossiê.
O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar e analisar experiências envolvendo a postagem de perguntas e respostas na plataforma 'Yahoo! Clever' no ensino de alemão como língua estrangeira, focando nos aspectos da autenticidade de situações e do desenvolvimento da autonomia e motivação dos aprendizes. Para isso, foi apresentado o planejamento e a realização de uma sequência didática em um curso livre para público universitário do nível A2 (QECR). Além da descrição da sequência, foram analisados os resultados das atividades na forma de postagens no website, além de excertos de entrevistas com alguns aprendizes. A partir da análise desses dados, foi possível perceber que atividades envolvendo a plataforma podem criar situações autênticas, engajando os aprendizes a interagir com a comunidade do site de forma significativa, mas também podem ser encaradas pelos aprendizes de forma inautêntica, o que leva a postagens artificiais que podem acarretar respostas negativas por parte da comunidade. Por fim, discute-se o papel do professor em levar os aprendizes a refletirem sobre a interação em ambientes não controlados.
Lernerautonomie wird heute als ein wichtiges pädagogisches Konzept im Rahmen der Planung des Bildungsprozesses angesehen und scheint einer der wichtigsten Voraussetzungen für die Förderung des Paradigmas des lebenslangen Lernens zu sein. Zahlreiche Autoren kommen zu einer unterschiedlichen Definition des Begriffs "Autonomie". Dieser uneinheitliche terminologische Gebrauch ist eine Folge der etymologischen Geschichte des Begriffs "Autonomie". Es wurde durch Literaturrecherche festgestellt, dass der konstruktivistische Ansatz, der aus der Sicht von Forschern wie u. a. Dewey, Piaget, Freire und Wygotski dargelegt wurde, eine aktive Rolle bei der Entstehung der Lernerautonomie spielte. Die Tatsache, dass der Begriff "Autonomie" seinen Platz in vielen Strömungen und bei mehreren Autoren findet, hat zu einer Erweiterung der Bedeutung dieses Begriffes geführt. Obwohl diese Bedeutungserweiterungen das Konzept schwer verständlich machen, kann man davon sprechen, dass es sich dabei um einen wirklichen Reichtum handelt. Die Geschichte des Begriffs "Autonomie", bevor er beim Fremdsprachenunterricht zur Anwendung kam, wird als Leitfaden dafür dienen, wie er in diesem Bereich verwendet werden sollte. Aus diesem Grund untersucht die vorliegende Arbeit das Konzept der "Autonomie" in pädagogischen Strömungen, anhand einiger Vorläufer des Autonomiebegriffs. Dabei wird auch die Frühgeschichte der Autonomie in Bezug auf den Fremdsprachenunterricht zur Debatte gestellt.
O presente estudo visa mostrar como Honneth repensa os conceitos de justiça e autonomia a partir de sua teoria das condições intersubjetivas de reconhecimento. Sua tese afirma que só é possível um aumento na autonomia pessoal através do progresso moral nas estruturas sociais de reconhecimento. Veremos que a proposta de Honneth, apesar de inovadora, traz alguns problemas para sua aplicação na esfera política; mesmo assim, é uma proposta forte e indaga-nos especialmente sobre a forma como nossa autonomia é construída socialmente.
"Autonomy is the condition under which what one does reflects who one is" (Weinrib, 2019, p.8). This quote encapsulates the core idea of autonomy, namely the correspondence of one’s inner values with one’s actions. This is a beautiful idea. After all, who wants their actions to be determined or controlled from the outside?
The classical definition of autonomy is precisely about this independence from external circumstances, which Murray (1938) primarily coined. Among other things, Murray characterizes autonomy as resistance to influence and defiance of authority. Similarly, Piaget (1983) describes individuals as autonomous, independent of external influences, in their thinking and actions, and foremost, adult authority. Subsequent work criticized this equation of autonomy with separation or independence (Bekker, 1993; Chirkov et al., 2003; Hmel & Pincus, 2002). In lieu thereof, autonomy is defined as an ability (Chirkov, 2011; Rössler, 2017) and as an essential human need (Ryan & Deci, 2006). Focus is now
on self-governing while relying on rationally determined values to pursue a happy life (Chirkov, 2011). According to Social Determination Theory (SDT), autonomy is about a sense of initiative and responsibility for one’s own actions. The experience of interest and appreciation can strengthen autonomy, whereas experiences of external control, e.g., through rewards or punishments, limit autonomy (Ryan & Deci, 2020). In the psychological discourse of autonomy, SDT is strongly represented (Chirkov et al., 2003; Koestner & Losier, 1996; Weinstein et al., 2012). Notably, SDT distinguishes between autonomy and independence as follows. While a person can autonomously ask for help or rely on others, a person can also be involuntarily alone and independent. Interestingly, these definitions are again closer to its etymological meaning as self-governing, originating from Greek αυτòνoμζ (autonomous).
The two strands of autonomy as independence and autonomy as self-determination are also reflected in the vital differentiation into reactive and reflective autonomy by Koestner and Losier (1996). Resisting external influence, particularly interpersonal in fluence, is what reactive autonomy entails. This interpretation is closely related to the classical concept of autonomy as separation and independence from others (Murray, 1938). On the other hand, reflective autonomy concerns intrapersonal processes, such as self-governing or self-regulation, as defined in Self-Determination Theory (Ryan et al., 2021). In this dissertation, we investigated the concept in three different approaches while focusing on its assessment and operationalization: To begin, in Article 1, we compared the layperson’s and the scientific perspective to each other to gain insight into the characteristics of autonomy. Then, in Articles 2 and 3, we experimentally tested behavioral autonomy as resistance to external influences. Simultaneously, we investigated the link between various autonomy trait measures and autonomous behavior. As a result, in Article 2, we looked at how people reacted to the effects of message framing and sender authority on social distancing behavior during the early COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, in Article 3 we investigated the resistance to a descriptive norm in answering factual questions, in the context of autonomous personality. In our first article, we used a semi-qualitative bottom-up approach to gain insights into the laypersons’ perspective on autonomy and compare it to the scientific notion. We followed a design proposed by Kraft-Todd and Rand (2019) on the term heroism. We derived five components from philosophical and psychological literature: dignity, independence from others, morality, self-awareness, and unconventionality. In three preregistered online studies, we compared these scientific components to the laypersons’ understanding of autonomy. In Study 1, participants (N = 222) listed at least three and up to ten examples of autonomous (self-determined) behaviors. Here, the participants named 807 meaningful examples, which we systematically categorized into 34 representative items for Study 2. Next, new participants (N = 114) rated these regarding their autonomy. Finally, we transferred the five highest-rated autonomy and the five lowest-rated autonomy items to Study 3 (N = 175). We asked participants to rate how strongly the items represented dignity, independence from others, morality, self-awareness, and unconventionality. We found all components to distinguish between high and low autonomy items but not for unconventionality. Thus, we conclude that laypersons’ view corresponds with the scientific characteristics of dignity, independence from others, self-awareness, and morality. A qualitative analysis of the examples also showed that both reactive and reflective definitions of autonomy are prevalent.