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Two new species, Russula pseudopunicea C.L.Hou, G.Q.Cheng & H.Zhou sp. nov. and R. wulingshanensis C.L.Hou, G.Q.Cheng & H.Zhou sp. nov., from Yanshan mountains in North China are described herein based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses of nrITS, and nrLSU-rpb2-mtSSU gene regions. Morphologically, R. pseudopunicea sp. nov. is characterised by a reddish brown, light brown to brownish orange pileus with a greyish yellow margin, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores with warts forming a partial reticulum and pleurocystidia turning grey to purplish red in sulfovanillin. Russula wulingshanensis sp. nov. is characterised by a purple pinkish pileus with a grey-white to grey-purple margin, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores with isolated warts, and pileocystidia turning black in sulfovanillin. Phylogenetic and morphological analyses resolved the two species in Russula subg. Heterophyllidia. Russula pseudopunicea sp. nov. and R. wulingshanensis sp. nov. were placed in the lineages of subsect. Virescentinae and subsect. Griseinae, respectively.
A new spionid polychaete, Prionospio expansa sp. nov., collected from the intertidal habitat of the Yellow Sea in Korea, is described. The new species is closely related to P. japonica Okuda, 1935 from Northeast Asia both morphologically and genetically. They share four pairs of branchiae which are cirriform and apinnate, whereas the new species differs from P. japonica in the length of the branchiae, expansion of the anteriormost body, and size of the first notopodial postchaetal lamellae. Herein, a detailed description and illustrations of P. expansa sp. nov. are provided, with molecular data for three gene fragments: mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), and nuclear 18S rDNA. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene fragments.
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is currently classified into 8 genotypes and 86 subtypes. The objective of this study was to characterize novel HCV subtypes and to investigate the impact of subtypes on treatment outcome.
Methods: Full-genome sequencing was performed on HCV plasma samples with <85% sequence homology of NS3, NS5A, and/or NS5B to HCV genotype (GT) 1–8 reference strains.
Results: A total of 14 653 patients with GT1–6 HCV infection were enrolled in clinical studies of sofosbuvir-based regimens. For the majority of the patients, a specific subtype could be assigned based on a close genetic relationship to previously described subtypes. However, for 19 patients, novel subtypes were identified with <85% homology compared with previously described subtypes. These novel subtypes had the following genotypes: 9 in GT2, 5 in GT4, 2 in GT6, and 1 each in GT1, GT3, and GT5. Despite the presence of polymorphisms at resistance-associated substitution positions, 18 of the 19 patients treated with sofosbuvir-containing therapy achieved SVR12.
Conclusions: Nineteen novel HCV subtypes were identified, suggesting an even greater genetic diversity of HCV subtypes than previously recognized.
The Hawaiian Islands have arisen in isolation in the middle of the Pacific Ocean due to volcanism unleashed by interaction of mantle-deep thermal plumes with the overlying Pacific Plate (MONTELLI et al. 2004, ABOUCHAMI et al. 2005). This volcano “factory” has produced a consistently present string of islands increasing in age from the current Big Island of Hawaii (500,000 years old) northwestwardly to the island of Kure, estimated to be 28-30 million years old (CARSON & CLAGUE 1995). Successively colonizing and proliferating on these islands since Miocene time (LIEBHERR 2005), are beetles classified in the carabid beetle genus Blackburnia SHARP, 1878 (LIEBHERR & ZIMMERMAN 2000). The 132 known Blackburnia species are arrayed in four successive adelphotaxa. The monotypic subgenus Protocaccus LIEBHERR & ZIMMERMAN, 2000, adelphotaxon to the rest of the radiation, is represented by B. mandibularis LIEBHERR, 2000 of Kauai. The next-diverging clade is classified as subgenus Colpocaccus SHARP, 1903, and is composed of four flightcapable species. The last two adelphotaxa are the nominate subgenus Blackburnia and subgenus Metromenus SHARP, 1884. The former includes 52 species, and is based on a ground-plan ancestor that was capable of dispersal by winged flight. This clade exhibits the greatest anagenetic diversification of all four clades, with various subgroups exhibiting extensive modifications of the external cuticle, including thickened, ridged, and variously shaped pronota and elytra, as well as elongate legs, and extensive specializations of the male and female genitalia (LIEBHERR & ZIMMERMAN 1998, 2000). Taxa exhibiting cuticular modifications are all brachypterous, suggesting that loss of metathoracic wings was a requisite precursor to modification of body armature. All 75 species of subgenus Metromenus are characterized by brachyptery. These also exhibit various body forms however the member taxa are never characterized by the thickened cuticle and associated modifications seen among taxa of sg. Blackburnia. Monophyly of the latter three subgenera was corroborated using molecular sequence data (CRYAN et al. 2001), though basal relationships of the three clades were resolved so that Colpocaccus and Metromenus were construed as adelphotaxa. In this study, morphological characters, and ecological and genetic characteristics of the various clades compared. These comparisons illustrate the coordinated diversification of ecological and genetic traits, and how these are associated with different levels of speciation. These traits are then put in the context of species endangerment, assessed using biotic survey data started in the 19th Century, and continuing during present-day efforts to completely describe and characterize the Blackburnia fauna.
A new family-level taxon of deep-sea isopods, Basoniscus hikurangi gen. et sp. nov., was recovered from the Hikurangi Plateau in the deep sea off eastern New Zealand. The broad-bodied, eyeless, seemingly unremarkable isopod was unusual in its possession of features that characterize two different families: the shallow water Joeropsididae Nordenstam, 1933 and the deep-sea Haploniscidae Hansen, 1916. An analysis of superfamily Janiroidea G.O. Sars, 1897 was conducted to establish the affinities of the species. Multiple analyses were done using unweighted and implied weighted characters. Existing families were well supported, with B. hikurangi intermediate between Joeropsididae and Haploniscidae. The new species, however, cannot be placed in either family owing to its lack of important defining synapomorphies of each family. As a result, Basoniscidae fam. nov. was created to contain this new species. That rocky hard substrates are undersampled is another implication. Our understanding of deep-sea species richness will not be accurate until more efforts are made to survey these habitats, especially more sites in the southern hemisphere. These gaps in our knowledge of the deep sea impairs any general claims about the distribution of biodiversity on a global scale. This find demonstrates that museums hold underused but valuable resources for understanding and describing the biodiversity of the deep sea.