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During the 1930s through the 1940s and into the 1950s, Spanish and German presentations in opposition to ardent nationalism share strikingly common aesthetic and ideological strategies supporting claims to a transnational, international space. Specific examples of common geography, identity and language in German and Spanish presentations (theater, short stories, reports, essays, speeches and poetry) in Spain and Latin America by German (Regler, Renn, Uhse), Spanish (J. Bergamin, R. Alberti, M. Aub) and Latin American (D. Rivera, P. Neruda, C. Vallejo) intellectuals, artists and activists during the 1930s through the 1950s will be explored. For example, German-speaking audiences and artists in Spain and Mexico shared a common lived and aesthetic space as Spanish-speaking audiences and artists. Further, many German presentations were translated into Spanish and visa versa. Here, presentations in “Das Wort” and “El Mono Azul” in Spain as well as “Freies Deutschland/Alemania libre” in Mexico will be referenced in developing a sense of re-definition of the concept of ‘foreign’ and ‘commonness’ beyond simply nationality (tradition, history and geography) and language. The impetus for an alternative, international and even revolutionary ‘space’ (as defined by Henri Lefebvre in The Production of Space) was produced in and through common Spanish and German strategies and realizations in their presentations. This Spanish-German example from the early/mid-part of the 20th century is a significant contribution to contemporary interdisciplinary discussions in the 21st century.
Towards a visual middle voice : crisis, dispossession, and spectrality in Spain's hologram protest
(2018)
As a legitimizing mechanism for a doctrine of 'no alternatives,' crisis rhetoric tends to rely on distinctions between 'right' and 'wrong' that often turn political decisions into pseudo-choices between a legitimate and an illegitimate (even catastrophic) alternative. This binary logic also pervades the ways subjects are cast in this rhetoric as either active or passive, guilty or innocent, masters or victims. [...] The rhetorical reliance on the oppositions of passive/active or victims/perpetrators extends to several contexts of 'crisis' in Europe today, as Maria Boletsi shows. Against the backdrop of the crisis rhetoric and the monologic narratives and dualistic distinctions it produces, the need for alternative forms of expression is amplified. In this article, Boletsi makes a case for the "middle voice" as an expressive modality that can introduce alternative 'grammars' of subjectivity and agency to those on which dominant crisis rhetoric hinges. [...] To that end, Boletsi centers on a peculiar public protest in front of the Spanish Parliament in Madrid in April 2015, opposing a (then) newly introduced Spanish law—the "Law of Citizen Security" - which significantly restricted the citizens' freedom of assembly and expression in the name of security and crisis-management. Unlike any other protest, this one was not carried out by actual people, but by holographic projections of protesters. This 'hologram protest' put forward a form of dispossession, whereby bodies asserted presence in public space through their absence. Unsettling the boundaries between fiction and reality, materiality and immateriality, power and impotence, past and present, the protest fostered a spectral space that functioned as a visual analogue of the middle voice. The spectral subjectivity that this 'ghost march' enacted, both underscored and challenged politically induced conditions of dispossession and precarity, through and against these conditions. As a result, the protest recast crisis as a critical threshold from which alternative narratives of the present and the future can emerge.
"Fürstin, wissen Sie, daß ich eine einzige Sehnsucht hätte: nach Toledo zu reisen. Diese Nacht bildete ich mir plötzlich ein, wir thätens, halb dachte ichs, halb träumte ichs und ließ mich in Beidem recht weit gehen".
In dieser Passage eines Briefes, den Rainer Maria Rilke am 27. September 1911 aus Paris an seine mütterliche Freundin und Mäzenin Marie von Thurn und Taxis schreibt, artikuliert sich ein Wunschtraum des Verfassers, der nicht nur bald schon in Erfüllung gehen sollte: seine imaginäre, ja visionäre Ausrichtung ist es vor allem, die Rilkes Spanienreise strukturell bestimmen wird.
Rilkes Sehnsucht nach Toledo, die Vision einer Stadt, deren Anblick Leben und Schaffen grundlegend zu ändern in der Lage sein könnte, geht auf seine intensive Beschäftigung mit Gemälden El Grecos zurück, welche schon lange vor seinem endgültigen Aufbruch nach Spanien einsetzt. Wenn nun Rilke schon vor seiner Reise aus seiner Bildbetrachtung Vorstellungen entwickelt, die er auf Spanien projiziert, heben sich im Blick des Betrachters die Unterscheidung von Kunst und Lebenswirklichkeit auf. Die spanische Landschaft konstituiert sich als Kunst-Landschaft erst im Akt des gestaltenden Sehens, welches vorgegebenen ikonographischen Mustern, hier solchen El Grecos, folgt. Jede Begegnung mit der Außenwelt wird dem Künstler dort zum deja-vu-Erlebnis, wo das Sichtbare eine spiegelbildliche Reproduktion seines imaginären Landschaftsentwurfs darstellt. Der vorliegende Beitrag will den poetologischen und wahrnehmungsästhetischen Implikationen einer solchen Betrachterperspektive nachgehen.