Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (17)
- Doctoral Thesis (4)
Has Fulltext
- yes (21)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (21)
Keywords
- angiogenesis (21) (remove)
Institute
The complex and adaptive nature of malignant neoplasm constitute a major challenge for the development of effective anti-oncogenic therapies. Emerging evidence has uncovered the pivotal functions exerted by the small leucine-rich proteoglycans, decorin and biglycan, in affecting tumor growth and progression. In their soluble forms, decorin and biglycan act as powerful signaling molecules. By receptor-mediated signal transduction, both proteoglycans modulate key processes vital for tumor initiation and progression, such as autophagy, inflammation, cell-cycle, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Despite of their structural homology, these two proteoglycans interact with distinct cell surface receptors and thus modulate distinct signaling pathways that ultimately affect cancer development. In this review, we summarize growing evidence for the complex roles of decorin and biglycan signaling in tumor biology and address potential novel therapeutic implications.
Vasculogenesis as well as angiogenesis are important for postnatal development of blood vessels. Peripheral blood or bone marrow-derived endothelial precursor cells are used in clinical trials for therapeutic enhancement of postnatal neovascularization in patients suffering from coronary artery diseases. The vasculogenic potential of the precursor cell population depends on the appropriate retention of the infused cells to the ischemic tissue. However, cell-autonomous mechanisms regulating the attraction and retention of circulating cells in inflammatory tissue are not well understood. Caspases belong to a family of pro-apoptotic enzymes. Beyond cell death signals, caspase proteases additionally regulate non-apoptotic processes like cell morphology and migration in many cell types. The isoform Caspase-8 is essential for embryonal vasculogenesis in conditional knockout mice. In this study, we identified a novel apoptosis-unrelated role of Caspase-8 in circulating and bone marrow-derived cells for vascular repair. Caspase-8-specific inhibition abrogated the ex vivo formation of EPC from human peripheral blood. Moreover, Caspase-8 inhibition disables EPC migration and adhesion to different matrices and decreases the cell surface expression of the fibronectin receptor subunit integrin alpha 5 and the chemokine receptor CXCR4. In vitro and in vivo studies using bone marrow mononuclear cells derived from inducible Caspase-8- deficient mice revealed an essential role of Caspase-8 for EPC formation and neovascularization enhancing capacities of progenitor cells. Caspase-8 activity appears to be required for maintaining responses to matrix interaction and chemoattractants of EPC. Additional studies showed that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b, a negative regulator of cell adhesion molecules including integrin alpha 5, is present in EPC at low protein levels under basal conditions, but markedly increases upon Caspase-8 inhibition. In vitro assays and overexpression studies in intact cells confirmed Caspase-8-dependent degradation of Cbl-b, providing a potential requirement for Caspase-8-regulated adhesion. Indeed, neovascularization of matrigel plugs was enhanced in mice lacking Cbl-b. Moreover, Cbl-b degradation in the presence of active Caspase-8 prevents the down-regulation of integrin alpha 5 and is associated with an enhanced vasculogenic activity of progenitor cells in hind limb ischemia. The identified upstream regulation of caspase-8 by cytokine IL-6 is only one possibility for fine-tuning the non-apoptotic enzymatic activity. In summary, this study shows a novel essential role of Caspase-8 for proper EPC adhesion-related signaling. Caspase-8 is involved in the function of adhesion molecules by regulation the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b. Strategies to improve survival of therapeutic injected progenitor cells by using caspase inhibitors should be addressed with caution. Because of the broad spectrum of activity of caspase-8, downstream targets of this caspase isoform and Cbl-b should be in more focus for therapeutic pretreatment to improve neovascularization of myocardial and ischemic tissue.
Early and adequate restoration of endothelial and tubular renal function is a substantial step during regeneration after ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury, occurring, e.g., in kidney transplantation, renal surgery, and sepsis. While tubular epithelial cell injury has long been of central importance, recent perception includes the renal vascular endothelium. In this regard, the fibrin cleavage product fibrinopeptide Bβ15-42 mitigate IR injury by stabilizing interendothelial junctions through its affinity to VE-cadherin. Therefore, this study focused on the effect of Bβ15-42 on post-acute physiological renal regeneration. For this, adult male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a 30 min bilateral renal ischemia and reperfusion for 24 h or 48 h. Animals were randomized in a non-operative control group, two operative groups each treated with i.v. administration of either saline or Bβ15-42 (2.4 mg/kg) immediately prior to reperfusion. Endothelial activation and inflammatory response was attenuated in renal tissue homogenates by single application of Bβ15-42. Meanwhile, Bβ15-42 did not affect acute kidney injury markers. Regarding the angiogenetic players VEGF-A, Angiopoietin-1, Angiopoietin-2, however, we observed significant higher expressions at mRNA and trend to higher protein level in Bβ15-42 treated mice, compared to saline treated mice after 48 h of IR, thus pointing toward an increased angiogenetic activity. Similar dynamics were observed for the intermediate filament vimentin, the cytoprotective protein klotho, stathmin and the proliferation cellular nuclear antigen, which were significantly up-regulated at the same points in time. These results suggest a beneficial effect of anatomical contiguously located endothelial cells on tubular regeneration through stabilization of endothelial integrity. Therefore, it seems that Bβ15-42 represents a novel pharmacological approach in the targeted therapy of acute renal failure in everyday clinical practice.
Epoxides and diols of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are bioactive and can influence processes such as tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Studies with inhibitors of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in animals overexpressing cytochrome P450 enzymes or following the systemic administration of specific epoxides revealed a markedly increased incidence of tumor metastases. To determine whether PUFA epoxides increased metastases in a model of spontaneous breast cancer, sEH-/- mice were crossed onto the polyoma middle T oncogene (PyMT) background. We found that the deletion of the sEH accelerated the growth of primary tumors and increased both the tumor macrophage count and angiogenesis. There were small differences in the epoxide/diol content of tumors, particularly in epoxyoctadecamonoenic acid versus dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid, and marked changes in the expression of proteins linked with cell proliferation and metabolism. However, there was no consequence of sEH inhibition on the formation of metastases in the lymph node or lung. Taken together, our results confirm previous reports of increased tumor growth in animals lacking sEH but fail to substantiate reports of enhanced lymph node or pulmonary metastases.
Neuro-vascular communication is essential to synchronize central nervous system development. Here, we identify angiopoietin/Tie2 as a neuro-vascular signaling axis involved in regulating dendritic morphogenesis of Purkinje cells (PCs). We show that in the developing cerebellum Tie2 expression is not restricted to blood vessels, but it is also present in PCs. Its ligands angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) are expressed in neural cells and endothelial cells (ECs), respectively. PC-specific deletion of Tie2 results in reduced dendritic arborization, which is recapitulated in neural-specific Ang1-knockout and Ang2 full-knockout mice. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing reveals that Tie2-deficient PCs present alterations in gene expression of multiple genes involved in cytoskeleton organization, dendritic formation, growth, and branching. Functionally, mice with deletion of Tie2 in PCs present alterations in PC network functionality. Altogether, our data propose Ang/Tie2 signaling as a mediator of intercellular communication between neural cells, ECs, and PCs, required for proper PC dendritic morphogenesis and function.
Targeting key angiogenic pathways with a bispecific CrossMAb optimized for neovascular eye diseases
(2016)
Anti-angiogenic therapies using biological molecules that neutralize vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) have revolutionized treatment of retinal vascular diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study reports preclinical assessment of a strategy to enhance anti-VEGF-A monotherapy efficacy by targeting both VEGF-A and angiopoietin-2 (ANG-2), a factor strongly upregulated in vitreous fluids of patients with retinal vascular disease and exerting some of its activities in concert with VEGF-A. Simultaneous VEGF-A and ANG-2 inhibition was found to reduce vessel lesion number, permeability, retinal edema, and neuron loss more effectively than either agent alone in a spontaneous choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model. We describe the generation of a bispecific domain-exchanged (crossed) monoclonal antibody (CrossMAb; RG7716) capable of binding, neutralizing, and depleting VEGF-A and ANG-2. RG7716 showed greater efficacy than anti-VEGF-A alone in a non-human primate laser-induced CNV model after intravitreal delivery. Modification of RG7716’s FcRn and FccR binding sites disabled the antibodies’ Fc-mediated effector functions. This resulted in increased systemic, but not ocular, clearance. These properties make RG7716 a potential nextgeneration therapy for neovascular indications of the eye.
Cytochrome P450 epoxygenases of the 2C family (CYP2C) are highly expressed in the endothelium and metabolize arachidonic acid to different regioisomers of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EET). They have a number of roles in the regulation of vascular tone and homeostasis by activating different signal transduction pathways and have recently been reported to be involved in proliferation and angiogenesis. However, the exact mechanisms by which epoxygenases regulate angiogenesis are still unclear. Therefore, the initial aim of the present study was to characterize the relevance of major signalling molecules that are involved in angiogenesis and to investigate possible signalling pathways involved. Initially the effect of CYP2C9 overexpression on expression levels of EphB4, a tyrosine kinase that plays a role in a number of developmental processes, was investigated. EphB4 protein expression was increased in CYP2C9 overexpressing cells without any effects on expression levels of its ligand ephrinB2. To clarify whether EphB4 is a critical determinant of CYP2C9-induced angiogenesis, endothelial cell sprouting was assessed using a collagen gel-based in vitro angiogenesis assay. Following transfection with EphB4 antisense or scrambled oligonucleotides, capillary-like structures were clearly present after 24 hours in cells overexpressing CYP2C9, while EphB4 downregulation abolished CYP2C9-induced sprouting. In addition stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with VEGF resulted in an increase in CYP2C expression and a subsequent increase of 11,12-EET production; an effect that was abolished by the CYP epoxygenases inhibitor MSPPOH as well as when cells were infected with a dominant negative mutant of AMPK. In vivo 11,12-EET treatment increased EphB4 expression in mesenteric arteries as well as in Matrigel plugs; an effect that was abolished when plugs were impregnated at the same time with small interfering RNA (siRNA) for EphB4. Furthermore, impregnation of Matrigel plugs with VEGF resulted in endothelial cell and smooth muscle cell recruitment into a Matrigel plug and this effect was mediated by CYP2C9-derived EETs as it was prevented by 14,15-EEZE. When infiltration of EET impregnated plugs with endothelial cells and pericytes/smooth muscle cells in vivo was compared to the effects seen in VEGF treated plugs, it was apparent that only EET treatment resulted in the formation of tube like structures that were covered by smooth muscle cells. Therefore, the final aim of the study was to further define the consequences of EET signalling in vivo as well as to characterize its physiological relevance. This hypothesis could be assessed by isolectin injection through the tail-vein where isolectin was taken up only by the EET-impregnated plug. Moreover ultrasound measurements revealed accumulation of contrast agent in EET impregnated plugs compared to control plugs. Taken together our findings emphasize that CYP2C plays a crucial role in the vessel formation process by modulating the effects mediated by two important control elements of the angiogenic response, namely VEGF and EphB4. CYP2C-derived EETs not only participate as second messengers in the angiogenic response, but have the potential to influence much more than angiogenesis by enhancing smooth muscle cell/pericyte recruitment to endothelial cell tubes to promote vascular maturation.
Die postnatale Neovaskularisierung ist eine wichtige Vorraussetzung um Gewebe vor kritischer Ischämie zu schützen. Eine der Grundlagen dieses Prozesses bilden die Angiogenese, bei der neue Kapillaren durch Proliferation und Migration von Endothelzellen aus bereits vorhandenen Blutgefäßen entstehen. Ein zweiter Eckpfeiler ist die Vaskulogenese, die unter anderem durch zirkulierende endotheliale Vorläuferzellen (EPC) vermittelt wird. Homeobox-Gene der Klasse 1 (Hox) sind Transkriptionsfaktoren, die während der Embryonalentwicklung an der Organogenese und der Entwicklung des kardiovaskulären Systems beteiligt sind. Verschiedene Studien weisen darauf hin, dass Homeobox-Proteine auch im adulten Organismus bei der transkriptionellen Regulation von Genen der Angio- und Vaskulogenese eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Die in dieser Arbeit vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen eine essentielle Rolle von HoxA9 für die postnatale Neovaskularisierung sowie für die funktionelle Integrität von Endothelzellen und endothelialen Progenitorzellen. HoxA9-defiziente Mäuse hatten einen signifikant verringerten Blutfluss nach einer Hinterlauflauf-Ischämie. Für die reduzierte Neovaskularisierung des ischämischen Gewebes, genügte der Verlust eines einzigen HoxA9-Wildtypallels. Außerdem zeigen HoxA9-defiziente Endothelzellen in vitro eine stark gehemmte Migration sowie eine verringerte Gefäßstrukturbildung. Zusätzlich war auch deren Interaktion mit EPC im Matrigel verschlechtert. Eine Bestätigung dieser Beobachtung zeigten Untersuchungen an endothelialen Vorläuferzellen, die ebenfalls einen Verlust angiogener Funktionen bei verminderter HoxA9-Expression aufwiesen. Neben der postnatalen Neovaskularisierung konnten erste Untersuchungen embryonaler Allantois zeigen, das HoxA9 vermutlich auch in der embryonalen Gefäßbildung beteiligt ist. Diese Theorie wird durch eine nicht-Mendelsche Verteilung der postnatalen Genotypen nach Kreuzung heterozygoter HoxA9-Mäuse unterstützt. Als molekulare Ursachen der Hemmung angiogener Funktionen bei Endothelzellen, konnte die Regulation verschiedener Gene nachgewiesen werden. So ist HoxA9 für die Expression der endothelialen Stickstoffmonoxidsynthase (eNOS), des VEGF-Rezeptors 2 (VEGF-R2), der Adhäsionsmoleküle VE-Cadherin und Integrin v3 sowie des EphB4-Rezeptors von essentieller Bedeutung. Diese von HoxA9 regulierten Gene spielen für die Angio- und Vaskulogenese alle eine entscheidende Rolle. Der EphB4-Rezeptor, die eNOS und der VEGF-R2 werden durch eine direkte Bindung von HoxA9 an den jeweiligen Promotor auf transkriptioneller Ebene reguliert. Bei den Genen Integrin v3 und VE-Cadherin erfolgt die Regulation durch HoxA9 indirekt über andere Gene oder posttranskriptionell. Zusätzlich zum Nachweis der Kontrolle der Genexpression, konnte für den EphB4-Rezeptor nachgewiesen werden, dass dieser von großer Bedeutung für die HoxA9-regulierte Migration ist. Außerdem besitzt der EphB4-Promotor eine für die Regulation der EphB4-Expression durch HoxA9 wichtige Bindungsstelle. In weiteren Versuchen konnte gezeigt werden, dass HoxA9 Schubspannungs-abhängig reguliert wird und dabei auch in die Regulation der Schubspannungs-induzierten Migration und die Schubspannungs-abhängige Expression der untersuchten Zielgene von HoxA9 eingreift. Zusammenfassend zeigen die hier vorgestellten Daten, dass HoxA9 endotheliale Gene vielfältig reguliert, eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Modulation verschiedener endothelialer Funktionen spielt und essentiell für die postnatale Neovaskularisierung ist.
Portal hypertension, defined as increased pressure in the portal vein, develops as a consequence of increased intrahepatic vascular resistance due to the dysregulation of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), frequently arising from chronic liver diseases. Extrahepatic haemodynamic changes contribute to the aggravation of portal hypertension. The pathogenic complexity of portal hypertension and the unsuccessful translation of preclinical studies have impeded the development of effective therapeutics for patients with cirrhosis, while counteracting hepatic and extrahepatic mechanisms also pose a major obstacle to effective treatment. In this review article, we will discuss the following topics: i) cellular and molecular mechanisms of portal hypertension, focusing on dysregulation of LSECs, HSCs and hepatic microvascular thrombosis, as well as changes in the extrahepatic vasculature, since these are the major contributors to portal hypertension; ii) translational/clinical advances in our knowledge of portal hypertension; and iii) future directions.
Different tissue engineering techniques are used to support rapid vascularisation. A novel technique is the use of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), an autologous source of growth factors. This study was the first to investigate the influence of PRF matrices, isolated following different centrifugation protocols, on human dermal vascular endothelial cells (ECs) in mono-culture and co-culture with human primary fibroblasts (HFs) as an in vitro model for tissue regeneration. Focus was placed on vascular structure formation and growth factor release. HFs and ECs were cultivated with PRF prepared using a high (710 ×g) or low (44 ×g) relative centrifugation force (RCF) over 14 d. Immunofluorescence staining and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the microvascular formation. Cell culture supernatants were collected for evaluation of growth factor release. The results showed a PRF-mediated effect on the induction of angiogenesis in ECs. Microvessel-like structure formation was promoted when ECs were combined with low-RCF PRF as compared to high-RCF PRF or control group. The percentage of vascular lumen area was significantly higher in low-RCF PRF, especially at day 7, which coincided with statistically significantly higher growth factor [vascular endothelial factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)] concentration measured in low-RCF PRF as compared to high-RCF PRF or control group. In conclusion, reducing the RCF according to the low-speed centrifugation concept (LSCC) resulted in increased growth factor release and angiogenic structure formation with EC mono-culture, suggesting that PRF may be a highly beneficial therapeutic tool for tissue engineering applications.