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Compartmental models are the theoretical tool of choice for understanding single neuron computations. However, many models are incomplete, built ad hoc and require tuning for each novel condition rendering them of limited usability. Here, we present T2N, a powerful interface to control NEURON with Matlab and TREES toolbox, which supports generating models stable over a broad range of reconstructed and synthetic morphologies. We illustrate this for a novel, highly detailed active model of dentate granule cells (GCs) replicating a wide palette of experiments from various labs. By implementing known differences in ion channel composition and morphology, our model reproduces data from mouse or rat, mature or adult-born GCs as well as pharmacological interventions and epileptic conditions. This work sets a new benchmark for detailed compartmental modeling. T2N is suitable for creating robust models useful for large-scale networks that could lead to novel predictions. We discuss possible T2N application in degeneracy studies.
Much of the research on Na+/H+ exchange has been done in prokaryotic models, mainly on the NhaA Na+/H+-exchanger from Escherichia coli (EcNhaA). Two conserved aspartate residues, Asp-163 and Asp-164, are essential for transport and are candidates for possible binding sites for the two H+ that are exchanged for one Na+ to make the overall transport process electrogenic. More recently, a proposed mechanism of transport for EcNhaA has suggested direct binding of one of the transported H+ to the conserved Lys-300 residue, a salt bridge partner of Asp-163. This contention is supported by a study reporting that substitution of the equivalent residue, Lys-305, of a related Na+/H+ antiporter, NapA from Thermus thermophilus, renders the transporter electroneutral. In this work, we sought to establish whether the Lys-300 residue and its partner Asp-163 are essential for the electrogenicity of EcNhaA. To that end, we replaced Lys-300 with Gln, either alone or together with the simultaneous substitution of Asp-163 with Asn, and characterized these transporter variants in electrophysiological experiments combined with H+ transport measurements and stability analysis. We found that K300Q EcNhaA can still support electrogenic Na+/H+ antiport in EcNhaA, but has reduced thermal stability. A parallel electrophysiological investigation of the K305Q variant of TtNapA revealed that it is also electrogenic. Furthermore, replacement of both salt bridge partners in the ion-binding site of EcNhaA produced an electrogenic variant (D163N/K300Q). Our findings indicate that alternative mechanisms sustain EcNhaA activity in the absence of canonical ion-binding residues and that the conserved lysines confer structural stability.
KCNQ1 encodes the voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel KCNQ1, also known as KvLQT1 or Kv7.1. Together with its ß-subunit KCNE1, also denoted as minK, this channel generates the slowly activating cardiac delayed rectifier current IKs, which is a key regulator of the heart rate dependent adaptation of the cardiac action potential duration (APD). Loss-of-function mutations in KCNQ1 cause congenital long QT1 (LQT1) syndrome, characterized by a delayed cardiac repolarization and a prolonged QT interval in the surface electrocardiogram. Autosomal dominant loss-of-function mutations in KCNQ1 result in long QT syndrome, called Romano–Ward Syndrome (RWS), while autosomal recessive mutations lead to Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome (JLNS), associated with deafness. Here, we identified a homozygous KCNQ1 mutation, c.1892_1893insC (p.P631fs*20), in a patient with an isolated LQT syndrome (LQTS) without hearing loss. Nevertheless, the inheritance trait is autosomal recessive, with heterozygous family members being asymptomatic. The results of the electrophysiological characterization of the mutant, using voltage-clamp recordings in Xenopus laevis oocytes, are in agreement with an autosomal recessive disorder, since the IKs reduction was only observed in homomeric mutants, but not in heteromeric IKs channel complexes containing wild-type channel subunits. We found that KCNE1 rescues the KCNQ1 loss-of-function in mutant IKs channel complexes when they contain wild-type KCNQ1 subunits, as found in the heterozygous state. Action potential modellings confirmed that the recessive c.1892_1893insC LQT1 mutation only affects the APD of homozygous mutation carriers. Thus, our study provides the molecular mechanism for an atypical autosomal recessive LQT trait that lacks hearing impairment.
Na+/H+ antiporters are located in the cytoplasmic and intracellular membranes and play crucial roles in regulating intracellular pH, Na+, and volume. The NhaA antiporter of Escherichia coli is the best studied member of the Na+/H+ exchanger family and a model system for all related Na+/H+ exchangers, including eukaryotic representatives. Several amino acid residues are important for the transport activity of NhaA, including Lys-300, a residue that has recently been proposed to carry one of the two H+ ions that NhaA exchanges for one Na+ ion during one transport cycle. Here, we sought to characterize the effects of mutating Lys-300 of NhaA to amino acid residues containing side chains of different polarity and length (i.e. Ala, Arg, Cys, His, Glu, and Leu) on transporter stability and function. Salt resistance assays, acridine-orange fluorescence dequenching, solid supported membrane-based electrophysiology, and differential scanning fluorometry were used to characterize Na+ and H+ transport, charge translocation, and thermal stability of the different variants. These studies revealed that NhaA could still perform electrogenic Na+/H+ exchange even in the absence of a protonatable residue at the Lys-300 position. However, all mutants displayed lower thermal stability and reduced ion transport activity compared with the wild-type enzyme, indicating the critical importance of Lys-300 for optimal NhaA structural stability and function. On the basis of these experimental data, we propose a tentative mechanism integrating the functional and structural role of Lys-300.
In natural environments, background noise can degrade the integrity of acoustic signals, posing a problem for animals that rely on their vocalizations for communication and navigation. A simple behavioral strategy to combat acoustic interference would be to restrict call emissions to periods of low-amplitude or no noise. Using audio playback and computational tools for the automated detection of over 2.5 million vocalizations from groups of freely vocalizing bats, we show that bats (Carollia perspicillata) can dynamically adapt the timing of their calls to avoid acoustic jamming in both predictably and unpredictably patterned noise. This study demonstrates that bats spontaneously seek out temporal windows of opportunity for vocalizing in acoustically crowded environments, providing a mechanism for efficient echolocation and communication in cluttered acoustic landscapes.
Synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling enables ongoing transmitter release, even during prolonged activity. SV membrane and proteins are retrieved by ultrafast endocytosis and new SVs are formed from synaptic endosomes (large vesicles—LVs). Many proteins contribute to SV recycling, e.g., endophilin, synaptojanin, dynamin and clathrin, while the site of action of these proteins (at the plasma membrane (PM) vs. at the endosomal membrane) is only partially understood. Here, we investigated the roles of endophilin A (UNC-57), endophilin-related protein (ERP-1, homologous to human endophilin B1) and of clathrin, in SV recycling at the cholinergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of C. elegans. erp-1 mutants exhibited reduced transmission and a progressive reduction in optogenetically evoked muscle contraction, indicative of impaired SV recycling. This was confirmed by electrophysiology, where particularly endophilin A (UNC-57), but also endophilin B (ERP-1) mutants exhibited reduced transmission. By optogenetic and electrophysiological analysis, phenotypes in the unc-57; erp-1 double mutant are largely dominated by the unc-57 mutation, arguing for partially redundant functions of endophilins A and B, but also hinting at a back-up mechanism for neuronal endocytosis. By electron microscopy (EM), we observed that unc-57 and erp-1; unc-57 double mutants showed increased numbers of synaptic endosomes of large size, assigning a role for both proteins at the endosome, because endosomal disintegration into new SVs, but not formation of endosomes were hampered. Accordingly, only low amounts of SVs were present. Also erp-1 mutants show reduced SV numbers (but no increase in LVs), thus ERP-1 contributes to SV formation. We analyzed temperature-sensitive mutants of clathrin heavy chain (chc-1), as well as erp-1; chc-1 and unc-57; chc-1 double mutants. SV recycling phenotypes were obvious from optogenetic stimulation experiments. By EM, chc-1 mutants showed formation of numerous and large endosomes, arguing that clathrin, as shown for mammalian synapses, acts at the endosome in formation of new SVs. Without endophilins, clathrin formed endosomes at the PM, while endophilins A and B compensated for the loss of clathrin at the PM, under conditions of high SV turnover.
Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde eine genetische Disposition für Vorhofflimmern (VHF) untersucht. Der Einzelnukleotidpolymorphismus ("single nucleotide polymorphism", SNP) 38G/S befindet sich im N-Terminus der ß-Untereinheit KCNE1. Diese ß-Untereinheit konstituiert gemeinsam mit der alpha-Untereinheit KCNQ1 die langsame Komponente des verzögerten Gleichrichterstromes, IKs. Die ß-Untereinheit hat hierbei eine modulierende Funktion. Frühere Studien beschäftigten sich hauptsächlich mit der transmembranären Domäne und dem C-Terminus. Über die Rolle des N-Terminus war bislang wenig bekannt. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Aufgabe des N-Terminus bei der Modulation der alpha-Untereinheit zu identifizieren. Außerdem sollte festgestellt werden, welche Aminosäuren hierbei besonders von Bedeutung sind. Zu diesem Zweck wurden diverse Konstrukte synthetisiert. Für das Konstrukt delta1-38’ wurden die Aminosäuren 1-38 und damit der Großteil des N-Terminus entfernt. Das Konstrukt "linker" enthält anstelle des Glyzins oder Serins an Position 38 fünf Alanine. In der Nähe der von dem SNP betroffenen Aminosäure befinden sich des Weiteren drei Arginine, die mit jeweils einem Alanin substituiert wurden. Für alle Versuche diente die nicht VHF-assoziierte Variante des SNPs als Kontrolle. Alle Konstrukte konnten erfolgreich heterolog exprimiert werden und gleichermaßen mit der alpha-Untereinheit immunopräzipitiert werden. Die aus der Co-Transfektion von KCNQ1 und KCNE1 resultierende Stromdichte wurde mittels "Patch-clamp"-Technik untersucht. Im Vergleich zum Kontrollstrom (KCNQ1 + KCNE1-38S) waren die Ströme aller anderen Gruppen während De- und Repolarisation signifikant kleiner. Zellfraktionierung und konfokale Mikroskopie zeigten, dass im Vergleich zur Kontrolle alle anderen Konstrukte eine verminderte Plasmamembranlokalisation aufwiesen. Die Aufgabe des N-Terminus liegt offensichtlich im Transport beider Untereinheiten an die Plasmamembran und/oder der Verankerung dort. Sowohl die Aminosäure in Position 38 als auch die drei N-terminalen Arginine in der Nähe scheinen für den hier gesuchten Mechanismus von Bedeutung zu sein. Zukünftige Experimente könnten beispielsweise 3D-Simulationen der Proteinfaltung beinhalten, um die potentielle Membranverankerung weiter zu untersuchen. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit untersuchte erworbene elektrophysiologische Veränderungen im Rahmen von VHF am Beispiel der einwärts gleichrichtenden Kaliumströme IK1 und IKACh. Es sollten die zugrunde liegenden regulatorischen Mechanismen für die Heraufregulierung von IK1 und IKACh bei VHF untersucht werden. Alle Experimente wurden an humanem Gewebe des linken Vorhofs durchgeführt. Das Gewebe stammt von VHF-Patienten, die sich einer Mitralklappen-Operation unterzogen. Als Kontrolle wurde Gewebe von Patienten im Sinusrhythmus (SR) verwendet. Zunächst wurde untersucht, ob transkriptionelle und/oder posttranskriptionelle Veränderungen oder funktionelle Effekte der Heraufregulierung der Ströme zugrunde liegen. Entsprechend wurde die Proteinexpression mittels Western Blot quantifiziert. Die Quantifizierung der mRNA erfolgte per Realtime-PCR. Veränderungen für IK1 konnten sowohl auf mRNA- als auch auf translationaler Ebene beobachtet werden. Protein- und mRNA-Expression von Kir2.1, der zugrunde liegenden Proteinuntereinheit, waren bei VHF signifikant erhöht; die Expression der inhibitorischen miR-1 war reduziert. Die Bestimmung der Protein- und mRNA-Expression der zugrunde liegenden Proteinuntereinheiten für den Strom IKACh zeigte dagegen keinen Unterschied zwischen Gewebe von Patienten mit VHF und SR. Eine funktionelle Regulierung schien daher möglich. Die Expression der IKACh modulierenden Proteine Calmodulin und G alpha i-3 unter VHF zeigte jedoch keinen signifikanten Unterschied zu der SR-Gruppe. Es war eine Tendenz zur Reduktion des inhibierenden G alpha i-3 zu beobachten. Die Regulierung von IKACh,c bei VHF bleibt in zukünftigen Arbeiten zu untersuchen. Ein möglicher Versuch wäre, therapeutisch in die Regulation der Kir-Untereinheiten einzugreifen, um das VHF-unterstützende, elektrische "Remodeling" des IK1 zu verhindern.