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Particularly in savannas, termites are ecosystem engineers and a keystone group in ecology. For the understanding of the savanna vegetation, mound building termites are of particular interest. Due to their special soil chemistry and physical structure, termite mounds often host other plants than the surrounding savanna. As our knowledge of the specific contribution of mound-building termites to overall savanna diversity and ecosystem dynamics doubtlessly is not complete, this paper summarises the state of the art in order to stimulate further research. According to the research interest of the authors, focus is laid on the West African savanna and on the genus Macrotermes.
Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) make a major contribution to the livelihoods and diets of rural households in the savanna ecosystems of West Africa. However, land use change and climatic variability might affect their availability in the future. Based on a survey among 227 households in Northern Benin, we investigated local substitution patterns for the seeds of the three socio-economically most important NTFP-species in the region, Vitellaria paradoxa, Adansonia digitata and Parkia biglobosa, being major sources for protein, fat, and micronutrients in local daily diets. Our study compared substitution patterns between, firstly, three income groups, to assess whether a households’ socio-economic status has an influence on the choice of surrogates (low cost vs. more costly options). Secondly, we compared substitution patterns between the five major ethnic groups in the study region (the Fulani, the Bariba, the Ditammarie, the Kabiyé and the Yom). The choice of substitutes differed significantly across income groups. However, the poorest households clearly show to be the most vulnerable: up to 30 % of the sampled households stated they would lack an adequate replacement for the NTFPs in question. Furthermore, ethnic affiliation showed to have a considerable impact on the preferred alternative products due to underlying cultural traditions of plant use. Subsequently, aiming at maintaining – and enhancing – the local supply of V. paradoxa, P. biglobosa and A. digitata in order to secure their contributions to local diets, local land use policy should have a particular focus on their ethnic-conditioned use and particularly the specific requirements of the poorest community members.
Diese Magisterarbeit befasst sich mit der archäologischen Fundsituation von Terrakottafiguren der Nok-Kultur in Zentralnigeria (1500 v. Chr. – 1 n. Chr.). Seit 1928 werden solche anthropomorphe und zoomorphe Skulpturen aus gebranntem Ton im Verbreitungsgebiet entdeckt. Nur wenige stammen jedoch aus systematischen Ausgrabungen. Mit Beginn der Frankfurter Forschungen 2005 (seit 2009 im Rahmen eines DFG-Langfristprojekts in Zusammenarbeit mit zwei nigerianischen Universitäten und der NCMM in Nigeria) erweiterten sich die Erkenntnisse zum Kontext der Figuren und der assoziierten Funde stetig.
Im Fokus der Arbeit stehen acht Befunde mit Terrakottafragmenten von sechs Nok-Fundstellen. Sie werden dank der Frankfurter Daten beschrieben, analysiert und im Hinblick auf den finalen Umgang mit den Funden interpretiert. Unter den intentional angelegten Befunden sprechen bestimmte Kriterien für einen profanen Charakter der Niederlegungen, andere sprechen für rituelle Deponierungen. Letztere sind vermutlich im Rahmen von Aktivitäten angelegt worden, welche mit der Glaubenswelt der prähistorischen Gesellschaft in Verbindung stehen. (An English summary is included.)