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Das Konzept der nachhaltigen Entwicklung wird bislang in erster Linie auf politisch und/oder geografisch abgrenzbare Einheiten bezogen. So ist im Sinne der Agenda 21 das Ziel einer global nachhaltigen Entwicklung nur zu erreichen, wenn das Leitbild von den Nationalstaaten bis hin zu den Kommunen anerkannt und umgesetzt wird. Zur Überprüfung der Fort- und Rückschritte der internen Entwicklung wurden zahlreiche Indikatorensysteme entwickelt. Die Operationalisierung der allgemein gehaltenen Brundtland-Definition von Nachhaltigkeit erfolgt dabei meist über die Bestimmung von Themenfeldern oder die Formulierung von Teilzielen für die ökologische, ökonomische und soziale Dimension der Nachhaltigkeit. Was aber bedeutet nachhaltige Entwicklung in den internationalen Beziehungen? Wird Deutschland seinem Anspruch gerecht, sein Verhältnis zu anderen Staaten am Leitbild der Nachhaltigkeit zu orientieren? Wie lässt sich dies überprüfen? Zur Untersuchung dieser Fragen werden im ersten Teil der Arbeit das Konzept der nachhaltigen Entwicklung, die Probleme der Bestimmung und Konkretisierung dieses Konzepts sowie die Frage der Messbarkeit von Nachhaltigkeit und Entwicklung betrachtet. Dabei wird die ab Mitte der 1960er Jahre geführte wissenschaftliche Diskussion zur Bestimmung von Entwicklungs- und Sozialindikatoren, die durch den Human Development Index des UNDP ab 1990 neue Impulse erhalten hat, für die Entwicklung von Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren anschlussfähig gemacht. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt bilden die Berücksichtigung des Konzepts nachhaltiger Entwicklung in der amtlichen Statistik und alternative Ansätze zur Erfassung ökologischer Aspekte. Daran schließt die Behandlung von Indikatorensystemen zur Nachhaltigkeit an, wobei der Ansatz der Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) und die damit in Costa Rica und Deutschland gewonnenen Erfahrungen im Mittelpunkt stehen. Aufbauend auf den theoretischen Grundlagen wird im zweiten Teil ein Indikatorensystem zur Nachhaltigkeit in den internationalen Beziehungen entwickelt und am Fallbeispiel Deutschland – Costa Rica getestet. Zur Ergänzung werden dazu neben den Dokumenten zur United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) von 1992 die Ergebnisse der weiteren Weltkonferenzen der 1990er Jahre sowie die Millennium Development Goals (MDG) berücksichtigt. Im Anschluss an die Themenfeldanalyse wird das von der CSD erarbeitete Indikatorensystem auf seine Übertragbarkeit auf internationale Beziehungen hin analysiert. Auf dieser Grundlage wird ein Indikatorensystem vorgeschlagen, mit dem die Entwicklungen in den verschiedenen Teilbereichen internationaler Beziehungen gemessen werden können. In der Schlussbetrachtung wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit sich das entwickelte Analyseraster und die zur Erstellung des Themenkatalogs und des Indikatorensystems herangezogene Methode auf die Beziehungen zu anderen Ländern übertragen lassen. Handlungsvorschläge für die Konzeptionen der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und für die Weiterentwicklung von Indikatorensystemen bilden den Abschluss der Arbeit.
Esta investigación, titulada “La colonialidad de las metáforas: Las representaciones del VIH/sida y de los sujetos vinculados con la ‘enfermedad’, en los discursos periodístico y médico costarricenses (1983-1990) y en la narrativa nacional (1989-1999)”, consta de cuatro capítulos. En el primero, se presenta el tema de estudio y sus interrogantes, las aproximaciones teóricas, los aspectos metodológicos y la estructura del texto. En relación con los enfoques teóricos, se consideran las contribuciones de Paul Ricœur, Hans Blumenberg y Michel Foucault. Así, primero hay una reflexión sobre la metáfora, la narración y el pensamiento (Ricœur y Blumenberg). Segundo, se estudian los símbolos primarios del mal: la mancilla, el pecado y culpabilidad (Ricœur). Tercero, se analiza el concepto de biopolítica y el papel social de la medicina (Foucault). En la metodología, se parte de algunos principios de la Sociocrítica (relacionados con las nociones de texto, contexto y representación) y se propone, nuevamente con Foucault, un análisis del discurso en términos históricos. Asimismo, se introducen unas explicaciones de Philipp Sarasin, con el fin de resaltar la importancia de estudiar las metáforas, los símbolos, las tramas, etc. Para el caso específico de los textos literarios, se toman en cuenta otras posibilidades de análisis semiótico (aunque los textos literarios también son asumidos como parte de un corpus discursivo amplio, con un común denominador: el VIH/sida).
Los siguientes capítulos (II, III y IV) corresponden con el desarrollo de la investigación. Así, en los capítulos II y III, se reflexiona sobre las representaciones que los discursos periodístico y médico movilizaron durante la primera (1983-1986) y la segunda (1987-1990) mitades de la década de los años ochenta. Los discursos periodístico y médico son trabajados en conjunto, ya que las interacciones que se dieron entre estos campos fueron constantes. En total, se recabaron 490 noticias, artículos de opinión, reportajes, etc., publicados en el periódico La Nación. Además, se consideraron los múltiples aportes hechos por los médicos y especialistas, tanto en dicho diario como en diferentes trabajos académicos y en publicaciones institucionales (son alrededor de 38 textos más, entre libros, ensayos, informes, etc.). En el capítulo IV, se analizan los textos literarios sobre el VIH/sida que surgieron, entre los años ochenta y los noventa, en Costa Rica: el libro Tiempos del SIDA: Relatos de la vida real (1989), de Myriam Francis; la novela Paisaje con tumbas pintadas en rosa (1998), de José Ricardo Chaves; y los cuentos de Alfonso Chase, “Antes y ahora” y “Carpe Diem”, publicados en el libro Cara de santo, uñas de gato (1999).
Nineteen species of crepuscular and perhaps nocturnal eudamine skippers (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) included in Evans (1952) group "D" genera Bungalotis Watson, Salatis Evans, Sarmientoia Berg, Dyscophellus Godman and Salvin, and Nascus Watson occur in the Cacaulândia area of central Rondônia, Brazil. Their relative abundance and phenology there are given. Taxonomic comments and comparisons with published information are made. Bungalotis lactos Evans, 1952, new status, is considered a species separate from Bungalotis borax Evans, 1952. New genera Nicephellus and Euriphellus are proposed for Eudamus nicephorus Hewitson, 1876, and Papilio euribates Stoll, 1782, respectively, removing both from Dyscophellus and creating new combinations. Discophellus porsena Bell, 1934, reinstated status, is raised from synonymy to a full species of Dyscophellus. The subspecies of Dyscophellus ramusis (Stoll, 1781), as presently recognized, are probably good species; Dyscophellus ramon Evans, 1952, new status, is considered a full species. Pseudonascus, new genus, is proposed for Papilio paulliniae Sepp, [1842], removing this species from Nascus and creating a new combination. Two new species, Bungalotis aureus from Ecuador and Dyscophellus mielkei from Rondônia, Brazil, are described. Male and female genitalia are illustrated for all taxa available from the Rondonian study site plus some from other areas.
The pyrgine genus Porphyrogenes Watson, 1893 (Hesperiidae) is discussed, especially as it occurs in central Rondônia, Brazil. Of eleven species of Porphyrogenes found in Rondônia, four (P. specularis, P. convexus, P. sparus, and P. spadix) are described as new species. Biological details of the genus are discussed. An additional five new species of Porphyrogenes (P. spina, P. sporta, P. splendidus, P. simulator, and P. speciosus) are described from elsewhere. Porphyrogenes cervinus (Plötz, 1883), new synonym of Porphyrogenes ferruginea (Plötz, 1883), reinstated status, is raised from a subspecies of Porphyrogenes despecta (Butler, 1870) to species-level. Porphyrogenes omphale (Butler, 1871), reinstated status, is not synonymous with Porphyrogenes passalus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) and becomes a species-level taxon for which no subspecies are recognized; P. passalus was described from a female with no known male. Porphyrogenes sula Williams and Bell, 1940, reinstated status, is raised from synonymy with Porphyrogenes zohra (Möschler, 1879) to species-level. Porphyrogenes stresa Evans, 1952, new status, is raised from a subspecies of P. zohra to species-level. Porphyrogenes immaculata (Skinner, 1920), new synonymy, was described from a male, which we believe is the male of Porphyrogenes sororcula (Mabille and Boullet, 1912). Porphyrogenes suva Evans, 1952, new synonymy, formerly considered a full species, was described from a male which we believe is the male of, and thus synonymous with, Porphyrogenes probus (Möschler, 1877). Porphyrogenes virgatus (Mabille, 1888) and Porphyrogenes eudemus (Mabille, 1888), considered synonyms of P. zohra and Porphyrogenes vulpecula (Plötz, 1882), respectively, without justification by Evans (1952), are removed from those synonymies and retained, along with P. passalus, as females without confirmed affinities. Lectotypes are here designated for Phareas ferruginea Plötz, 1883; Augiades despecta Butler, 1870; Telegonus omphale Butler, 1871; Eudamus pausias Hewitson, 1867; Telegonus probus Möschler, 1877; Telemiades vulpecula Plötz, 1882; Eudamus passalus Herrich-Schäffer, 1869; Thymele virgatus Mabille, 1888; and Thymele eudemus Mabille, 1888. A neotype is designated for Phareas cervinus Plötz, 1883, that being the lectotype of Phareas ferruginea. Types of all taxa in the genus are illustrated. Three named and five unnamed phenotypes of females, not reconciled with males, are identified and described. Twenty-six species are now recognized, making this one of the largest hesperiid genera in the neotropics.
A systematic revision of the genus Dichaeu (Orchidaceae) in Costa Rica is presented. The taxonomic history of the genus and its phylogenetic position are discussed, with emphasis on infragenenc grouping. Characters of vegetative and floral morphology are treated, and their taxonoiilic significance is discussed. Twenty-nine Dichnea taxa are recognized for the flora of Costa Rica, and a key to species is provided. Each taxon is described on the basis of Costa Rican material, illustrated in a composite plate, and its distribution in the country is assessed. Distribution maps for all the taxa are given. Overall distribution, derivation of name, notes on species ecology, and diagnostic features are presented for each taxon. Lectotypes are selectcd for D. acostae Schltr., D. acroblephara Schltr., D. amparoana Schltr., D. costaricensis Schltr., D. dammeriana Kraenzl., D. lycopodioides Rchb. f. ex Kraenzl., D. poicillantha Schltr., D. selaginella Schltr., D. tuercklheimii Schltr., Epidendrum echinocarpon Sw., and E. trichocarpon Sw. A new species, D. gomez-lauritoi, is described and illustrated from the wet Caribbean plains of central Costa Rica.
We describe a new vanilla species growing in sympatry with Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews (Orchidaceae) in the province of Limón, Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. The morphology of the reproductive and vegetative organs observed on vines cultivated under shade-house, the nuclear (Internal Transcribed Spacer) and plastid (matK) nucleotide sequences, as well as the contents of aromatic compounds measured in ripe fruits, show that this species is close to but distinct from V. planifolia. The name V. sotoarenasii M.Pignal, Azofeifa-Bolaños & Grisoni sp. nov. is proposed for this new Vanilla species endemic in Costa Rica. It is especially distinguished from V. planifolia by a reduction of about 30% of the size of the fruits and flowers, by a divergence of ITS sequences for at least two species-conserved nucleotides compared to seven other species of the V. planifolia group, and by the presence of anisic compounds and low content of phenolic compounds (including vanillin) in the fruits. These results confirmed the extension of the area of distribution of V. planifolia southward to Costa Rica, where a recent speciation process occurred. Because of its particular agronomic and aromatic properties, V. sotoarenasii sp. nov. could represent a valuable biological resource for the vanilla industry.
Anomiopus cirulito Cano n. sp., from the tropical forest of the Mayan Biosphere Reserve, Petén, Guatemala is described. This is the northernmost known species of the genus Anomiopus Westwood (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) and is related to the Costa Rican and Panamanian Anomiopus panamensis (Paulian).
A two week trip to Costa Rica was conducted between 26 May and 8 June 2013, sampling odonates in several provinces along the center to the pacific southern portionof the country. A total of 86 species in 34 genera were found, including 16 species of the genus Argia. Lists of all species by locality, photographs of live specimens, and illustrations and notes of described species of Argiaare presented to facilitate identification to other collectors.
Tiphallus torreon n. sp., the fi rst rhachodesmid milliped from Coahuila, Mexico, displays an iridescent turquoise pigmentation with patterned white paranotal markings and a truncated, subapical projection from the broad, non-descript gonopodal acropodite. Four genera – Strongylodesmus Saussure, Mexidesmus Loomis, and Ceuthauxus and Tiphallus, both by Chamberlin – contain forms exhibiting this general condition, but the last is the only one whose type species does. Synthetic treatments are essential to advance familial knowledge beyond the descriptive stage, and revising these four taxa would constitute a meaningful initial study. Rhachodesmidae extend from northern Nuevo León, Mexico, ca. 77 km (48 mi) from the Rio Grande, to central Costa Rica; Glomeridae (Glomerida), Platydesmidae (Platydesmida), and Stemmiulidae (Stemmiulida) show similar distributions whereas Allopocockiidae (Spirobolida) and Rhysodesmus Cook (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae) traverse the river and occupy southernmost Texas. Tridontomidae, the other component of Rhachodesmoidea, occupies a small enclave in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Rhachodesmidae/oidea do not occur in Panama and are initially recorded from Belize; localities are needed from Honduras.