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Voraussetzung zur Diagnostik und Verlaufsbeurteilung des Krebses durch die Bestimmung von Tumormarkern ist eine gute Abstimmung zwischen dem klinisch bzw. praktisch tätigen Arzt und dem Labor. Für die Auswahl der Testkits und die Festlegung des Grenzwertes normal/pathologisch muß das Labor vom anfordernden Arzt wissen, ob die Tumormarkerbestimmung eingesetzt wird:
a) zur Verlaufsbeurteilung eines bekannten Krebses, also im Sinne der Longitudinalbeurteilung
b) im Rahmen der Tumordiagnostik, d. h. zur Transversalbeurteilung.
Zum effektiven Einsatz der Tumormarkerbestimmung für die Verlaufsbeurteilung sollte das Labor sicherstellen:
a) Verwendung eines Testkits hoher Nachweisempfindlichkeit
b) Keinen Wechsel des Testkits bei nicht standardisierten Markern vorzunehmen, ohne den anforderndenArzt in Kenntnis zu setzen
c) Patientenbezogenen Kumulativreport liefern, der die relativen Veränderungen zum Vorwert erkennen läßt
d) Aufbewahrung der jeweilig letzten Analysenprobe. Nochmalige Bestimmung mit der neuen Probe in dergleichen Analysenserie, falls der Analysenwert der neuen Probe ein „Ausreißer"zu sein scheint.
Im Rahmen der Tumordiagnostik kann bei symptomatischen Patienten die Bestimmung von AFP beim Leberzellkarzinom und von AFP und HCG bei Keimzelltumoren empfohlen werden. Andere Tumormarker sollten nur zur Diagnostik eingesetzt werden, wenn im Patientenkollektiv des anfordernden Arztes eine hohe Krankheitsprävalenz für den entsprechenden Krebs vorliegt In Kenntnis der Krankheitsprävalenz sollten Labor und anfordernder Arzt unter Auswahl einer optimalen Spezifität (noch vertretbare Zahl falsch positiver Ergebnisse), den Grenzwert normal/pathologisch für die Transversalbeurteilung festlegen.
A commonly held view in the literature on Scrambling and Clitic Doubling is that both constructions are sensitive to Specificity. For this reason Sportiche (1992) proposes to unify the two, an approach which has become quite standard in the relevant literature ever since. However, the claim that clitic doubling is the counterpart of Germanic scrambling has never been substantiated. In this paper we present extensive evidence from Greek that Clitic Doubling has common formal properties with Germanic Scrambling/Object Shift. Our evidence consists mainly of binding facts observed when doubling takes place, which seem, at first sight, to be completely unexpected. On closer inspection, however, it turns out that these facts are strongly reminiscent of the effects showing up in Germanic scrambling. We propose that these properties can be derived under a theory of clitic constructions along the lines of Sportiche (1992) implemented into the framework of Chomsky (1995). Finally we suggest the that the crosslinguistic distribution of Scrambling as opposed to Clitic Doubling should be linked to a parameter relating to properties of Agr: Move/Merge XP vs. Move/Merge X° to Agr. We show that this parameter unifies the behaviour of subjects and objects within a language and across languages. The paper is organised as follows. In section 2 we present evidence from binding, interpretational and prosodic effects that doubling and scrambling display very similar properties. In section 3 we present Sportiches account and point out some problems for it. In section 4 we present our proposal.
Specifics
(2001)
In all these examples there appears to be mismatch between the position at which an indefinite appears and its preferred interpretation. Following many of the more recent contributions to the literature, I will assume that this is the hallmark of specificity (e.g. Ahusch 1994, Reinhart 1997, Winter 1997, van Geenhoven 1998). Such mismatches are not the norm: indefinites are often interpreted in situ, and there is some reason for taking this to be the default option. The reason is that comparatively 'neutral', i.e. semantically attenuate, indefinites have a preference for in situ readings [...].
In this paper, I argue that this informally given list of characteristics covers only a certain subclass of specific indefinites. […] In particular, I dispute the definition of specific indefinites as "the speaker has the referent in mind" as rather confusing if one is working with a semantic theory. Furthermore, I discuss "relative specificity", it. cases in which the specific indefinite does not exhibit wide, but intermediate or narrow scope behavior. Based on such data, I argue that specificity expresses a referential dependency between introduced discourse items. Informally speaking, the specificity of the indefinite expression something [...] expresses that the reference of the expression depends on the reference of another expression, here, on the expression a monk, not the speaker.
Mit einem um die Behandlungskapazität des Gesundheitssystems erweiterten epidemiologischen SIRD-Modell werden Mechanismen und Dynamik einer Virusepidemie wie Corona anhand von stilisierten politischen Reaktionsmustern (Ignore, Shutdown, Ignore-Shutdown-Relax) simuliert. Ferner werden aus dem Modell Lehren für die statistische Analyse von Corona gezogen, wie die Aussagekraft publizierter Verdopplungszeiten und Reproduktionszahlen. Die Dunkelziffer unbestätigter Fälle und die im Epidemieverlauf variable Genauigkeit von medizinischen Infektionstests werden diskutiert. Zur Messung der medizinischen Kosten von Corona sowie für regionale und internationale Vergleiche wird ein Schadensindex der verlorenen Lebenszeit vorgeschlagen. Zuletzt geht die Arbeit kurz auf die ökonomischen Kosten von Corona in Deutschland ein.
Die vorliegende Übersicht über die Biomarkern TIMP‑2 („tissue inhibitor of metalloprokinase 2“) und IGFBP7 („insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7“) wird im Rahmen der Serie „Biomarker“ des Zentralblatts für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie publiziert. Die Marker TIMP‑2 und IGFBP7 eignen sich zur Abschätzung der Nierenschädigung und zur frühen Diagnostik der akuten Niereninsuffizienz. Hier zeigen diese eine hohe Sensitivität und Spezifität.
We will see how it is reasonable to speak of a minimum distance that an element must cross in order to enter into a well-formed movement dependency. In the course of the discussion of this notion of anti-localiry, a theoretical framework unfolds which is compatible with recent thoughts on syntactic computation regarding local economy and phrase structure, as well as the view that certain pronouns are grammatical formatives, rather than fully lexical expressions. The upshot will be that if an element does not move a certain distance, the derivation crashes at PF, unless the lower copy is spelled out as a pronominal element. The framework presented has a number of implications for the study of clause-typing, of which some will be discussed towards the end.
This paper presents results of corpus analytic investigations of children's use of referring expressions and considers possible implications of this work for questions relating to development of theory of mind. The study confirms previous findings that children use the full range of referring forms (definite and indefinite articles, demonstrative determiners, and demonstrative and personal pronouns) appropriately by age 3 or earlier. It also provides support for two distinct stages in mind-reading ability. The first, which is implicit and non-propositional, includes the ability to assess cognitive statuses such as familiarity and focus of attention in relation to the intended referent; the second, which is propositional and more conscious, includes the ability to assess epistemic states such as knowledge and belief. Distinguishing these two stages supports attempts to reconcile seemingly inconsistent results concerning the age at which children develop theory of mind. It also makes it possible to explain why children learn to use forms correctly be-fore they exhibit the pragmatic ability to consider and calculate quantity implicatures.
It is common knowledge in the field of Philippine linguistics that an ang-marked direct object in a non-actor focus clause must be definite or generic, while a ng-marked object in an actor focus clause typically receives a nonspecific interpretation. However, in contexts like wh-questions, the oblique object in an antipassive may be interpreted as specific, as noted by Schachter & Otanes (1972), Maclachlan & Nakamura (1997), Rackowski (2002), and others. […] In this paper, I propose to account for the specificity effects […] within the analysis of Tagalog syntax put forth by Aldridge (2004). I analyze Tagalog as an ergative language […]. Cross linguistically, antipassive oblique objects receive a nonspecific interpretation, while absolutives are definite or generic. I show in this paper how the Tagalog facts can be subsumed under a general account of ergativity.