Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (13)
- Doctoral Thesis (1)
Has Fulltext
- yes (14)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (14)
Keywords
- cell death (14) (remove)
Neuere Daten weisen p53 eine wichtige Rolle in der Verarbeitung von Mangelsignalen zu und deuten darauf hin, dass p53-abhängige molekulare Mediatoren des Warburg-Effektes Glukoseverbrauch und mitochondriale Funktion regulieren. Wir stellten deshalb die Hypothese auf, dass p53-wildtyp (p53wt) in Gliomzellen den metabolischen Bedarf reduzieren kann, der durch deregulierte Signaltransduktionsprozessen unter Mangelbedingungen zu Stande kommt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl die shRNA-vermittelte p53-Gensuppression als auch die Temperatur-sensitive dominant-negative p53V135A Mutante in humanen p53wt-Gliomzellen Glukoseverbrauch und Laktatproduktion erhöht, den Sauerstoffverbrauch reduziert und den Hypoxie-induzierten Zelltod steigert. Überdies konnte beobachtet werden, dass eine zelluläre p53-Suppression die Expression von Synthesis of Cytochrome c Oxidase 2 (SCO2), eines Effektors, der in der Atmungskette benötigt wird, reprimiert. Die Restoration von SCO2 in p53wt-defizient-Zellen konnte Glukoseverbrauch, Laktatproduktion und Sauerstoffverbrauch wieder normalisieren, und vermittelte zugleich eine Resistenz gegenüber Hypoxie von Rotenone, einem Inhibitor des Komplex I der Atmungskette, abhängige Weise. Dies zeigte, dass die SCO2-vermittelten Effekte von einer intakten oxidativen Phosphorylierung abhängig waren. Schließlich vermittelte eine Gensuppression von SCO2 in p53wt-Gliomzellen eine Sensibilisierung dieser Zellen gegenüber moderater Hypoxie. Es konnte auch gezeigt werden, dass p53 und HIF-1alpha miteinander kooperieren, um SCO2 unter Hypoxie zu induzieren, was suggeriert, dass i) SCO2 ein neues HIF-1alpha Zielgen sein könnte und ii) SCO2 ein neues Zielprotein darstellen könnte, um Atmung und ROS-Prävention über HIF-alpha zu modulieren. Diese Befunde deuten darauf hin, dass Gliomzellen einen Nutzen aus dem Aufrechterhalten eines p53wt-Status erzielen können, da dies ihre Vulnerabilität gegenüber moderater Tumor-Hypoxie reduzieren kann, und dass dieser Effekt SCO2-vermittelt ist. Dennoch konnte die Sensitivität von p53wt-defizient-Zellen gegenüber hochgradiger Hypoxie-induziertem Zelltod nicht über die Effekte von SCO2 erklärt werden, da diese Oxidase ihre Funktionen nur unter ausreichend oxyschen Bedingungen erfüllen kann. Um die Mechanismen aufzuklären, die p53wt-Zellen vor hochgradiger Hypoxie Schutz verleihen, wurde die Rolle von TIGAR (Tp53 Induced Glycolysis and Apoptosis Regulator), eines weiteren kürzlich charakterizierten metabolischen p53-Zielgens, untersucht. TIGAR zeigt Ähnlichkeit mit der Fruktose-Bisphosphatase-2-Domäne des bifunktionalen Enzyms 6-Phosphofrukto-2-Kinase/Fruktose-2,6-Biphosphatase 2, und reduziert die intrazellulären Konzentrationen von Fruktose-2,6-Bisphosphat (FBP-2). FBP-2 ist ein Glykolyse-Regulator, der in höheren Konzentrationen die Glykolyse hemmt und den Pentose-Phosphat-Weg (PPP) induziert, was zu einer Verringerung der intrazellulären reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies-Konzentrationen (ROS) führt. Die Überexpression von TIGAR in p53wt-Zellen verstärkte die Glykolyse-Hemmung unter normoxischen Bedingungen und erlaubte oxidative Phosphorylierung als kompensatorischen metabolischen Mechanismus. Zudem förderte TIGAR die Expression von Lon, einer Protease, die Untereinheiten der Atmungskette modulieren kann, und zugleich als Radikalfänger fungiert. Jedoch reduzierte TIGAR die Expression von SCO2. Die Restoration von TIGAR in p53wt-defizient-Zellen konnte die Sensibilität gegenüber hochgradiger Hypoxie aufheben. TIGAR reduzierte auch die ROS-Menge und verringerte die Sensitivität gegenüber oxidativen Stress. Zugleich sensibilisierte die Gensuppression von TIGAR in p53wt-Gliomzellen diese Zellen vor hochgradiger Hypoxie. Zudem korrelierte die Expression von HIF-1alpha mit der TIGAR-Expression, was eine neue Rolle von HIF-1alpha in der Regulation des Hypoxie-induzierten Zelltodes und der Protektion vor ROS vermuten ließ. Die Expression der Transketolase-Like-1 (TKTL1), eines Isoenzym der Transketolase im Pentose-Phosphat-Weg, ist in vielen Tumoren hochreguliert. Es wurde spekuliert, dass TKTL1 Zellen Schutz vor oxidativem Zellstress vermitteln kann. Zugleich ist bekannt, dass TKTL1 mit hohen phospho-Akt-Mengen in Gliomen korreliert. Es konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass TKTL1 ein indirektes p53-Zielgen ist, welches über TIGAR reguliert werden kann. Eine Suppression der TKTL1-Expression in TIGAR-exprimierenden Zellen konnte die über TIGAR vermittelten protektiven Effekte gegenüber endogenen ROS, oxidativem Stress und Hypoxie-induziertem Zelltod aufheben. Folglich wurde hier ein bis jetzt unbekannter Zusammenhang zwischen TIGAR, TKTL1 und HIF-1alpha entdeckt. Ebenso konnte eine TKTL1-Suppression mittels siRNA wie die TIGAR-Suppression die HIF1-alpha-Transaktivierungsfähigkeit reduzieren, was zu der Vermutung Anlass gab, dass TKTL1 HIF1-alpha unter Hypoxie reguliert.
Ubiquitylation in immune disorders and cancer: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic implications
(2012)
Conjugation of ubiquitin to proteins (ubiquitylation) has emerged to be one of the most crucial post-translational modifications controlling virtually all cellular processes. What was once regarded as a mere signal for protein degradation has turned out to be a major regulator of molecular signalling networks. Deregulation of ubiquitin signalling is closely associated with various human pathologies. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of ubiquitin signalling in immune deficiencies and cancer as well as the available therapeutic strategies targeting the ubiquitin system in combating these pathogenic conditions.
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) is essential for the production of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), the building block of glycosaminoglycans, thus playing a crucial role in cartilage anabolism. Although O-GlcNAcylation represents a protective regulatory mechanism in cellular processes, it has been associated with degenerative diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). The present study focuses on HBP-related processes as potential therapeutic targets after cartilage trauma. Human cartilage explants were traumatized and treated with GlcNAc or glucosamine sulfate (GS); PUGNAc, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase; or azaserine (AZA), an inhibitor of GFAT-1. After 7 days, cell viability and gene expression analysis of anabolic and catabolic markers, as well as HBP-related enzymes, were performed. Moreover, expression of catabolic enzymes and type II collagen (COL2) biosynthesis were determined. Proteoglycan content was assessed after 14 days. Cartilage trauma led to a dysbalanced expression of different HBP-related enzymes, comparable to the situation in highly degenerated tissue. While GlcNAc and PUGNAc resulted in significant cell protection after trauma, only PUGNAc increased COL2 biosynthesis. Moreover, PUGNAc and both glucosamine derivatives had anti-catabolic effects. In contrast, AZA increased catabolic processes. Overall, “fueling” the HBP by means of glucosamine derivatives or inhibition of deglycosylation turned out as cells and chondroprotectives after cartilage trauma.
Since most anticancer therapies including immunotherapy trigger programmed cell death in cancer cells, defective cell death programs can lead to treatment resistance and tumor immune escape. Therefore, evasion of programmed cell death may provide one possible explanation as to why cancer immunotherapy has so far only shown modest clinical benefits for children with cancer. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate sensitivity and resistance to programmed cell death is expected to open new perspectives for the development of novel experimental treatment strategies to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy in the future.
Cell death and survival programs are controlled by the cellular redox state, which is typically dysregulated during oncogenesis. A recent study reports that the inhibition of antioxidant defenses resulting from glutathione depletion can prime acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells for death induced by Smac mimetics.
Mitochondria have a central role in regulating a range of cellular activities and host responses upon bacterial infection. Multiple pathogens affect mitochondria dynamics and functions to influence their intracellular survival or evade host immunity. On the other side, major host responses elicited against infections are directly dependent on mitochondrial functions, thus placing mitochondria centrally in maintaining homeostasis upon infection. In this review, we summarize how different bacteria and viruses impact morphological and functional changes in host mitochondria and how this manipulation can influence microbial pathogenesis as well as the host cell metabolism and immune responses.
Advanced colorectal carcinoma is currently incurable, and new therapies are urgently needed. We report that phosphotyrosine-dependent Eph receptor signaling sustains colorectal carcinoma cell survival, thereby uncovering a survival pathway active in colorectal carcinoma cells. We find that genetic and biochemical inhibition of Eph tyrosine kinase activity or depletion of the Eph ligand EphrinB2 reproducibly induces colorectal carcinoma cell death by autophagy. Spautin and 3-methyladenine, inhibitors of early steps in the autophagic pathway, significantly reduce autophagy-mediated cell death that follows inhibition of phosphotyrosine-dependent Eph signaling in colorectal cancer cells. A small-molecule inhibitor of the Eph kinase, NVP-BHG712 or its regioisomer NVP-Iso, reduces human colorectal cancer cell growth in vitro and tumor growth in mice. Colorectal cancers express the EphrinB ligand and its Eph receptors at significantly higher levels than numerous other cancer types, supporting Eph signaling inhibition as a potential new strategy for the broad treatment of colorectal carcinoma.
The culture of primary intestinal epithelia cells is not possible in a normal culture system. In 2009 a three-dimensional culture system of intestinal stem cells was established that shows many of the physiological features of the small intestine, such as crypt-villus structure, stem cell niche and all types of differentiated intestinal epithelial cells. These enteroids can be used to analyze biology of intestinal stem cells, gut homeostasis and the development of diseases. They also give the possibility to reduce animal numbers, as enteroids can be cryo-conserved and cultivated for many passages. To investigate the influence of genes such as NADPH oxidases on the gut homeostasis, transgenic approached are the method of choice. The generation of enteroids from knockout mice allows real-time observations of knockout effects. Often conditional knockout or overexpression strategies using inducible Cre recombinase are applied to avoid effects of adaption to the knockout. However, the Cre recombinase has many known caveats from unspecific binding and its endonuclease activity. In this study, we show that although NADPH oxidases are important for in vivo differentiation and proliferation of the intestine, their expression is drastically reduced in the organoid system. Activation of Cre recombinase by 4-hydroxy tamoxifen in freshly isolated enteroids, independently of floxed genes, leads to decreased diameter of organoids. This effect is concentration-dependent and is caused by reduced cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis and DNA damage. In contrast, constitutive expression of Cre has no impact on the enteroids. Therefore, reduction of tamoxifen concentration and treatment duration should be carefully titrated, and appropriate controls are necessary.
Smac mimetics antagonize IAP proteins, which are highly expressed in several cancers. Recent reports indicate that Smac mimetics trigger a broad cytokine response and synergize with immune modulators to induce cell death. Here, we identify a differential requirement of TRAIL or TNFα as mediators of IFNα/Smac mimetic-induced cell death depending on the cellular context. Subtoxic concentrations of Smac mimetics cooperate with IFNα to induce cell death in various solid tumor cell lines in a highly synergistic manner as determined by combination index. Mechanistic studies show that IFNα/BV6 cotreatment promotes the formation of a caspase-8-activating complex together with the adaptor protein FADD and RIP1. Assembly of this RIP1/FADD/caspase-8 complex represents a critical event, since RIP1 silencing inhibits IFNα/BV6-induced cell death. Strikingly, pharmacological inhibition of paracrine/autocrine TNFα signaling by the TNFα scavenger Enbrel rescues HT-29 colon carcinoma cells, but not A172 glioblastoma cells from IFNα/BV6-induced cell death. By comparison, A172 cells are significantly protected against IFNα/BV6 treatment by blockage of TRAIL signaling through genetic silencing of TRAIL or its cognate receptor TRAIL receptor 2 (DR5). Despite this differential requirement of TNFα and TRAIL signaling, mRNA and protein expression is increased by IFNα/BV6 cotreatment in both cell lines. Interestingly, A172 cells turn out to be resistant to exogenously added recombinant TNFα even in the presence of BV6, whereas they display a high sensitivity towards TRAIL/BV6. In contrast, BV6 efficiently sensitizes HT-29 cells to TNFα while TRAIL only had limited efficacy. This demonstrates that a differential sensitivity towards TRAIL or TNFα determines the dependency on either death receptor ligand for IFNα/Smac mimetic-induced cell death. Thus, by concomitant stimulation of both death receptor systems IFNα/Smac mimetic combination treatment is an effective strategy to induce cell death in TNFα- or TRAIL-responsive cancers.
Inhibition of the proteasome is considered as a promising strategy to sensitize cancer cells to apoptosis. Recently, we demonstrated that the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib primes neuroblastoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In the present study, we investigated whether Bortezomib increases chemosensitivity of neuroblastoma cells. Unexpectedly, we discover an antagonistic interaction of Bortezomib and microtubule-interfering drugs. Bortezomib significantly attenuates the loss of cell viability and induction of apoptosis on treatment with Taxol and different vinca alkaloids but not with other chemotherapeutics, that is, Doxorubicin and Cisplatinum. Importantly, Bortezomib inhibits G2/M transition by inhibiting proteasomal degradation of cell cycle regulatory proteins such as p21, thereby preventing cells to enter mitosis, the cell cycle phase in which they are most vulnerable to antitubulin chemotherapeutics. Consequently, Bortezomib counteracts Taxol-induced mitotic arrest and polyploidy, as shown by reduced expression of PLK1 and phosphorylated histone H3. In addition, Bortezomib antagonizes Taxol-mediated degradation of MCL-1 during mitotic arrest by preventing cells to enter mitosis and by inhibiting the proteasome. Downregulation of MCL-1 is critically required for Taxol-induced apoptosis, as overexpression of a phosphomutant MCL-1 variant, which is resistant to degradation, significantly diminishes Taxol-triggered apoptosis. Vice versa, attenuation of Bortezomib-mediated accumulation of MCL-1 by knockdown of MCL-1 significantly enhances Taxol/Bortezomib-induced apoptosis. Thus, Bortezomib rescues Taxol-induced apoptosis by inhibiting G2/M transition and mitigating MCL-1 degradation. The identification of this antagonistic interaction of Bortezomib and microtubule-targeted drugs has important implications for the design of Bortezomib-based combination therapies.