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Es wurde für Protonen- und Deuteronenbeschleuniger unter Extrembedingungen (hoher Ionenstrom, Dauerstrichbetrieb, Niedrigenergieabschnitt) ein Vergleich zwischen der konventionellen RFQ-Alvarez-DTL-Kombination und einer erstmals am IAP für diese Zwecke entwickelten RFQ-H-DTL-kombination durchgeführt. Insbesondere die Auslegung der Teilchendynamik von HF-Driftröhrenlinearbeschleunigern und RFQ's für leichte Ionen unter Miteinbeziehung der Raumladung und der Forderung nach Dauerstrichbetrieb sind Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit. Die vorgestellten Beschleuniger müssen extrem hohen Anforderungen an Transmission (Stromverlustrate << 3 µ A/m nach dem RFQ), Stabilität (stetige Strahldynamik bei Strahlfehlanpassung und Berücksichtigung von mechanischen und optischen Toleranzen), Anlagensicherheit ("Hands-on-Kriterium") und -zuverlässigkeit (Anlagenverfügbarkeit > 80 %) bei hoher HF-Effizienz (optimierte Shuntimpedanzen, Laufzeitfaktoren und Oberflächenstromdichten) genügen. Es wurden exemplarisch im Rahmen von zwei aktuellen Hochstromprojekten mit Dauerstrichbetrieb teilchendynamische DTL-Entwürfe für den mittleren Energiebereich (0.1 = ß = 0.34) durchgeführt: einmal für das ADS/XADS Projekt (Hier: 40 mA, 350/700 MHz 24 MW, Protonen, CW) und als extremes Beispiel das IFMIF Projekt (125 mA, 175 MHz, 5 MW, Deuteronen, CW). Da IFMIF hinsichtlich Transmissionseffizienz und Strahlstrom in Verbindung mit einem 100 %-Tastverhältnis wohl einzigartig ist, mussten besonders intensive Anstrengungen für den Test der Robustheit des teilchendynamische Entwurfs der DTL-Strukturen unternommen werden. Hierzu wurde der gesamte Injektorpart vom Eingang des Referenz Four-Vane-RFQ bei 0.1 MeV bis zum Ausgang des DTL bei 40 MeV als ganzes simuliert, unter Einbeziehung von optischen, HF- und mechanischen Toleranzen. Diese Rechnungen machten deutlich, dass die Einbringung einer kompakten Strahltransportstrecke (MEBT) zwischen RFQ und DTL notwendig ist, um den Strahl transversal und longitudinal ohne Teilchenverluste an den nachfolgenden DTL anzupassen. Man gewinnt dadurch auch zusätzliche Möglichkeiten für Strahljustierung und -diagnose. Infolgedessen gehört ein MEBT mittlerweile zum Referenz-Design, welches einen 175 MHz Four-Vane-RFQ als Vorbeschleuniger vorsieht und nach dem MEBT einen 175 MHz Alvarez-DTL mit FoDo-Fokussierschema. Die Designkriterien für IFMIF gelten uneingeschränkt auch für das ADS/XADS Projekt und infolgedessen wurde ebenfalls erstmals eine Auslegung des Mittelenergieabschnitts des ADS/XADS-Beschleunigers, der unmittelbar nach dem 350 MHz RFQ bei 5 MeV anfängt und bis ~ 100 MeV reicht, mit der neuen supraleitende CH-Struktur unternommen. Der Hochenergiebereich von 100 MeV bis 600 MeV wird im Referenzentwurf mit den bereits bewährten supraleitenden elliptischen Kavitäten mit einer Resonanzfrequenz von 700 MHz abgedeckt [ADS]. Die umfangreichen Untersuchungen inklusive Toleranzabschätzungen ergaben, dass eine Kette von zehn supraleitenden CH-Resonatoren mit Zwischentankfokussierung (Ausnahme das Modul 1) für diese Anwendung bestens geeignet ist. Des weiteren ergab sich, dass ein Frequenzsprung auf 700 MHz nach dem 6-ten CH-Modul bei einer Energie von ~ 56 MeV die Beschleunigungs- und HF-Effizienz erhöht. Außerdem wird dadurch der Strahl ideal an den Hochenergieabschnitt angepasst. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden neue Driftröhrenlinearbeschleunigerstrukturen vorgestellt (normal leitender IH-DTL, supraleitender CH-DTL), die für bis zu 10 MW Strahlleistung, 125 mA Strahlstrom und höchsten Tastverhältnissen geeignet sind. Ferner konnte durch geschickte Wahl der Strukturparameter und Arbeitspunkte eine gute Teilchendynamik mit einem moderaten Emittanzwachstum erzielt werden: Strahltransport und -beschleunigung ohne Teilchenverluste, starke transversale und longitudinale Fokussierung, große Aperturfaktoren und höchste HF-Effizienz sind gleichzeitig erreichbar. Somit stellen die neuen H-Moden Driftföhrenbeschleuniger vor allen Dingen in der supraleitenden Ausführung (CH-DTL) eine tragfähige Basis für alle weiteren geplanten Hochintensitätsbeschleunigeranlagen dar.
Individual differences in perception are widespread. Considering inter-individual variability, synesthetes experience stable additional sensations; schizophrenia patients suffer perceptual deficits in e.g. perceptual organization (alongside hallucinations and delusions). Is there a unifying principle explaining inter-individual variability in perception? There is good reason to believe perceptual experience results from inferential processes whereby sensory evidence is weighted by prior knowledge about the world. Different perceptual phenotypes may result from different precision weighting of sensory evidence and prior knowledge. We tested this hypothesis by comparing visibility thresholds in a perceptual hysteresis task across medicated schizophrenia patients, synesthetes, and controls. Participants rated the subjective visibility of stimuli embedded in noise while we parametrically manipulated the availability of sensory evidence. Additionally, precise long-term priors in synesthetes were leveraged by presenting either synesthesia-inducing or neutral stimuli. Schizophrenia patients showed increased visibility thresholds, consistent with overreliance on sensory evidence. In contrast, synesthetes exhibited lowered thresholds exclusively for synesthesia-inducing stimuli suggesting high-precision long-term priors. Additionally, in both synesthetes and schizophrenia patients explicit, short-term priors – introduced during the hysteresis experiment – lowered thresholds but did not normalize perception. Our results imply that distinct perceptual phenotypes might result from differences in the precision afforded to prior beliefs and sensory evidence, respectively.
Individual differences in perception are widespread. Considering inter-individual variability, synesthetes experience stable additional sensations; schizophrenia patients suffer perceptual deficits in, eg, perceptual organization (alongside hallucinations and delusions). Is there a unifying principle explaining inter-individual variability in perception? There is good reason to believe perceptual experience results from inferential processes whereby sensory evidence is weighted by prior knowledge about the world. Perceptual variability may result from different precision weighting of sensory evidence and prior knowledge. We tested this hypothesis by comparing visibility thresholds in a perceptual hysteresis task across medicated schizophrenia patients (N = 20), synesthetes (N = 20), and controls (N = 26). Participants rated the subjective visibility of stimuli embedded in noise while we parametrically manipulated the availability of sensory evidence. Additionally, precise long-term priors in synesthetes were leveraged by presenting either synesthesia-inducing or neutral stimuli. Schizophrenia patients showed increased visibility thresholds, consistent with overreliance on sensory evidence. In contrast, synesthetes exhibited lowered thresholds exclusively for synesthesia-inducing stimuli suggesting high-precision long-term priors. Additionally, in both synesthetes and schizophrenia patients explicit, short-term priors—introduced during the hysteresis experiment—lowered thresholds but did not normalize perception. Our results imply that perceptual variability might result from differences in the precision afforded to prior beliefs and sensory evidence, respectively.
Hypofunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) has been implicated as a possible mechanism underlying cognitive deficits and aberrant neuronal dynamics in schizophrenia. To test this hypothesis, we first administered a sub-anaesthetic dose of S-ketamine (0.006 mg/kg/min) or saline in a single-blind crossover design in 14 participants while magnetoencephalographic data were recorded during a visual task. In addition, magnetoencephalographic data were obtained in a sample of unmedicated first-episode psychosis patients (n = 10) and in patients with chronic schizophrenia (n = 16) to allow for comparisons of neuronal dynamics in clinical populations versus NMDAR hypofunctioning. Magnetoencephalographic data were analysed at source-level in the 1–90 Hz frequency range in occipital and thalamic regions of interest. In addition, directed functional connectivity analysis was performed using Granger causality and feedback and feedforward activity was investigated using a directed asymmetry index. Psychopathology was assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Acute ketamine administration in healthy volunteers led to similar effects on cognition and psychopathology as observed in first-episode and chronic schizophrenia patients. However, the effects of ketamine on high-frequency oscillations and their connectivity profile were not consistent with these observations. Ketamine increased amplitude and frequency of gamma-power (63–80 Hz) in occipital regions and upregulated low frequency (5–28 Hz) activity. Moreover, ketamine disrupted feedforward and feedback signalling at high and low frequencies leading to hypo- and hyper-connectivity in thalamo-cortical networks. In contrast, first-episode and chronic schizophrenia patients showed a different pattern of magnetoencephalographic activity, characterized by decreased task-induced high-gamma band oscillations and predominantly increased feedforward/feedback-mediated Granger causality connectivity. Accordingly, the current data have implications for theories of cognitive dysfunctions and circuit impairments in the disorder, suggesting that acute NMDAR hypofunction does not recreate alterations in neural oscillations during visual processing observed in schizophrenia.
Background: Cognitive dysfunctions represent a core feature of schizophrenia and a predictor for clinical outcomes. One possible mechanism for cognitive impairments could involve an impairment in the experience-dependent modifications of cortical networks.
Methods: To address this issue, we employed magnetoencephalography (MEG) during a visual priming paradigm in a sample of chronic patients with schizophrenia (n = 14), and in a group of healthy controls (n = 14). We obtained MEG-recordings during the presentation of visual stimuli that were presented three times either consecutively or with intervening stimuli. MEG-data were analyzed for event-related fields as well as spectral power in the 1–200 Hz range to examine repetition suppression and repetition enhancement. We defined regions of interest in occipital and thalamic regions and obtained virtual-channel data.
Results: Behavioral priming did not differ between groups. However, patients with schizophrenia showed prominently reduced oscillatory response to novel stimuli in the gamma-frequency band as well as significantly reduced repetition suppression of gamma-band activity and reduced repetition enhancement of beta-band power in occipital cortex to both consecutive repetitions as well as repetitions with intervening stimuli. Moreover, schizophrenia patients were characterized by a significant deficit in suppression of the C1m component in occipital cortex and thalamus as well as of the late positive component (LPC) in occipital cortex.
Conclusions: These data provide novel evidence for impaired repetition suppression in cortical and subcortical circuits in schizophrenia. Although behavioral priming was preserved, patients with schizophrenia showed deficits in repetition suppression as well as repetition enhancement in thalamic and occipital regions, suggesting that experience-dependent modification of neural circuits is impaired in the disorder.