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Der georgischen Sprache fehlt es nicht an mehr oder weniger alltäglich gebrauchten deutschen Fremdwörtern. Den meisten haftet ihr Umweg durch das Russische an, den sie während der kaiserlichen und späteren sowjetischen Herrschaft über Georgien gemacht haben. [...] Allerdings stößt man in dem prägenden sowjetgeorgischen Fremdwörterbuch, das zwischen 1964 und 1989 dreimal aufgelegt wurde, gerade beim Eintrag 'schtraikbrecheri' auf eine durchaus seltsame Bestimmung: "schtraikbrecher-i (dt. 'Streikbrecher') - in kapitalistischen Ländern: eine Person, die während des Streiks arbeitet und den Streik stört." Die stillschweigende Voraussetzung, Streikbrecher existierten nur "in kapitalistischen Ländern", weil es in den sozialistischen keine Streiks gebe, wirft in ihrer Verlogenheit erst recht die Frage nach der Vor- und Nachgeschichte dieses Begriffs auf.
U ovom članku razmatraju se dokazi koje posuđenice nude za vrste kontakata između Praslavena i njihovih germanskih susjeda, Gota i različitih zapadnogermanskih naroda. Germanske posuđenice u praslavenskome uglavnom pripadaju određenom skupu semantičkih polja. Posuđene riječi mogu se podijeliti u nekoliko semantičkih polja: vlast i vojska, tehnička terminologija, novac i trgovinska razmjena, mjesta za pohranu (bačve, kutije itd.), kršćanska terminologija i imanje. Tehničke riječi i kršćanske riječi vjerojatno su zapadnogermanskoga podrijetla, dok sve ostale semantičke kategorije sadrže i gotske i zapadnogermanske posuđenice.
Posljedice globalizacijskih procesa vidljive su i u jeziku kao tendencija k internacionalizaciji. Internacionalizacija, ili možda preciznije angloamerikanizacija, zahvatila je sve jezike modernoga svijeta. Hrvatski jezik nije iznimka. U ovom ćemo radu spomenuti samo neke od posljedica internacionalizacije, i to na leksičkoj, tvorbenoj i semantičkoj razini.
It is one of the most highly debated issues in loanword phonology whether loanword adaptations are phonologically or phonetically driven. This paper addresses this issue and aims at demonstrating that only the acceptance of both a phonological as well as a phonetic approximation stance can adequately account for the data found in Japanese. This point will be exemplified with the adaptation of German and French mid front rounded vowels in Japanese. It will be argued that the adaptation of German /oe/ and /ø/ as Japanese /e/ is phonologically grounded, whereas the adaptation of French /oe/ and /ø/ as Japanese /u/ is phonetically grounded. This asymmetry in the adaptation process of German and French mid front rounded vowels and further examples of loans in Japanese lead to the only conclusion that both strategies of loanword adaptation occur in languages. It will be shown that not only perception, but also the influence of orthography, of conventions and the knowledge of the source language play a role in the adaptation process.
Broj njemackih posudenica u hrvatskome jeziku je manji nego što bi se moglo ocekivati, s obzirom na to da je višestoljetna politicka i kulturna povezanost Hrvatske s habsburškom državom uvjetovala izravni dodir njemackoga i hrvatskoga jezika. Razlog je tome jezicna politika koja se svjesno odupirala snažnom utjecaju njemackoga jezika na hrvatski, dajuci u standardnome jeziku prednost hrvatskim rijecima. U supstandardnom jeziku se, medutim, održao veci broj njemackih posudenica, iako za te rijeci postoje hrvatski ekvivalenti. U ovome ce se radu preispitati odnos njemacke posudenice i njezine domace zamjene, tj. u kojoj mjeri je hrvatski ekvivalent uspješna zamjena njemackoj posudenici kao i to o cemu sve ovisi ta uspješnost.
We show that loanword adaptation can be understood entirely in terms of phonological and phonetic comprehension and production mechanisms in the first language. We provide explicit accounts of several loanword adaptation phenomena (in Korean) in terms of an Optimality-Theoretic grammar model with the same three levels of representation that are needed to describe L1 phonology: the underlying form, the phonological surface form, and the auditory-phonetic form. The model is bidirectional, i.e., the same constraints and rankings are used by the listener and by the speaker. These constraints and rankings are the same for L1 processing and loanword adaptation.
In diesem Beitrag wurden deutsche Entlehnungen in der albanischen Mundart in Kosova untersucht, welche in verschiedenen semantischen Bereichen verwendet werden. Schriftliche Quellen zu diesen Germanismen fehlen völlig, daher wurden sie durch mündliche Befragung von Informanten inventarisiert. Den Schwerpunkt dieser Untersuchung bilden der Bekanntheitsgrad und die Akzeptanz dieser Lehnwörter. Die Befragung hat ergeben, dass die Lehnwörter in den hier untersuchten semantischen Bereichen durchschnittlich von über 70% der Befragten erkannt wurden. Im Allgemeinen konnten keine großen Unterschiede im Erkennungsgrad bei männlichen und weiblichen Befragten festgestellt werden, wohingegen bei der Variable Alter eine etwas größere Diskrepanz beobachtet wurde, was das Erkennen oder Nichterkennen der deutschen Entlehnungen anging.