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In dem Beitrag wird ein intersektional perspektiviertes Analysemodell für multimodale Erzähltexte (Bilderbücher) vorgestellt. Zunächst wird das Korpus der sogenannten queeren Kinder- und Jugendliteratur kursorisch aufgefächert und dabei gezeigt, dass in den Erzähltexten, die als 'diversitätssensibel' vermarktet werden, meist auf die klassische Außenseiterfigur zurückgegriffen und somit die Binarität einer vermeintlichen Norm und deren Abweichung perpetuiert wird. Durch das Analysemodell sollen literarische Darstellungen von Positionierungen innerhalb einer 'Matrix der Macht' desavouiert werden: Entlang der interdependenten Kategorien Age, Race, Geschlecht, Familie und Körper sollen die Positionierungen der Figuren auf der histoire-Ebene zugeordnet werden, während die Kategorien auf der discours-Ebene wählbar und erweiterbar sind. Mit dem Blick auf das Bilderbuch als multimodales Erzählmedium müssen die literarischen Inszenierungen nicht nur auf Bild- sondern auch auf Schrifttextebene berücksichtigt und hierbei insbesondere auf intermodale Spannungsverhältnisse geachtet werden. Der Beitrag schließt mit der exemplarischen Analyse der Bilderbücher "Weihnachtspost für Ayshe" (Scheffler/Spanjardt 2005) und "Wie ich Papa die Angst vor Fremden nahm" (Schami/Könnecke 2003).
We study whether and how time preferences change over the life cycle, exploiting representative long-term panel data. We estimate the age patterns of discount rates from age 25 to 80. In order to identify age effects, we have to disentangle them from cohort and period factors. We address this identification problem by estimating individual fixed effects models, where we substitute period effects with determinants of time preferences that depend on calendar years. We find that discount rates decrease with age and the decline is remarkably linear over the life cycle.
In order to elucidate the causes for the increased mortality of aged patients with bacterial central nervous system (CNS) infections, we compared the course of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) meningitis in aged and young mice. Aged (21.2 ± 3.1 months, n = 40) and young (3.2 ± 0.9 months, n = 42) C57BL/6N and B6/SJL mice were infected by intracerebral injection of 50–70 CFU S. pneumoniae serotype 3 and monitored for 15 days. Aged and young mice did not differ concerning mortality (35% versus 38%), weight loss, development of clinical symptoms, bacterial concentrations in cerebellum and spleen as well as the number of leukocytes infiltrating the CNS. In contrast to results from our geriatric mouse model of Escherichia coli (E. coli) meningitis, where aged mice showed a higher mortality and an impaired elimination of bacteria, we did not find any differences between aged and young mice after intracerebral infection with S. pneumoniae serotype 3. This indicates that the increased susceptibility of aged mice to bacterial CNS infections is pathogen-specific: It appears less prominent in infections caused by hardly phagocytable pathogens with thick capsules like S. pneumoniae serotype 3, where the age-related decline of the phagocytic capacity of microglia and macrophages has a minor influence on the disease course.
Background: Curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bis-demethoxycurcumin) are lipophilic polyphenols thought to be effective in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, of which mitochondrial dysfunction is a prominent feature. In particular, older people may thus benefit from increasing their curcuminoid intake. However until now, it is not investigated if there exist age differences in the bioavailability of curcuminoids and therefore, it is unclear if curcumin doses have to be adjusted to age. Thus, we explored if the tissue concentrations and biological activities of curcuminoids are affected by age.
Methods: We investigated age-differences in the bioavailability and tissue distribution of curcuminoids and mitochondrial function in 3- and 18-months old mice fed a control diet or identical diets fortified with 500 or 2000 mg curcuminoids/kg for 3 weeks. Therefore, we measured curcuminoid concentrations in plasma, liver, kidney, and brain, basal and stress-induced levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in dissociated brain cells and citrate synthase activity of isolated mitochondria.
Results: Plasma but not liver and kidney curcuminoid concentrations were significantly higher in older mice. Age did not affect ATP concentrations and MMP in dissociated brain cells. After damaging cells with nitrosative stress, dissociated brain cells from old mice had a higher MMP than cells from young animals and were therefore more resistant. Furthermore, this effect was enhanced by curcumin.
Conclusion: Our data suggest that age may affect plasma concentrations, but not the tissue distribution of curcuminoids in mice, but has little impact on mitochondrial function in brain cells.