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This paper examines how questions, both Wh-questions and yes-no questions, are phrased in Chimwiini, a Bantu language spoken in southern Somalia. Questions do not require any special phrasing principles, but Wh-questions do provide much evidence in support of the principle Align-Foc R, which requires that focused or emphasized words/constituents be located at the end of a phonological phrase. Question words and enclitics are always focused and thus appear at the end of a phrase. Although questions do not require any new phrasing principles, they do display complex accentual (tonal) behavior. This paper attempts to provide an account of these accentual phenomena.
We focus in this paper on two prosodic phenomena in Chimwiini: vowel length and accent (or High tone). Vowel length is determined in part by a lexical distinction between long and short vowels, and also by various morphophonemic processes that derive long vowels. Accent is penult in the default case, but final under certain morphosyntactic conditions. In order to account for the distribution of vowel length and the location of accents in a Chimwiini sentence, it is necessary to segment sentences into a sequence of phonological phrases. This paper examines the phonological phrasing of both canonical relative clauses and what we refer to as "pseudo-relative" clauses. An account of relative clause phrasing is of critical importance in Chimwiini due to the extensive use of pseudo-relatives in the language. Close examination of the pseudo-relatives reveals that their phrasing is not exactly the same as the phrasing of canonical relative clauses.
The present paper offers a summary of the results of two earlier experiments (Nawrocki and Gonet 2004; Nawrocki 2004), in which acoustic properties of the voiceless velar fricative phoneme /x/ in Southern Polish were investigated.
As is found in both studies (Nawrocki and Gonet 2004; Nawrocki 2004), speakers of both genders favour glottal articulation, with partial or full voicing. Word final contexts are decisively in favour of [x]. The word initial, prevocalic positions seem to allow quite a number of allophonic variants of /x/ . These are: [x], [ɦ], [ç] and, additionally, the voiceless glottal, the pharyngeal or the epiglottal [h]/[ħ]/[ʜ]. Another factor taken into account is the coarticulation effect of the vocalic context on the choice of articulation. Based on the results of the experiments, a reformulated allophonic composition is proposed for Polish /x/. It makes room for previously unconsidered pharyngeal and glottal allophones.
In order to inspect the acoustic properties of the allophones of Polish /x/ further, their static and dynamic spectral features are compared to those of phonetically similar sounds in other languages where they have the status of independent phonemes. Special attention is paid to the distribution of spectral peaks and their intensity. The fact that in Polish there are no 'back' fricative phonemes that would contrast with /x/ creates a wide range of acceptable allophonic articulations that cannot be challenged from either articulatory or perceptual points of view.
Die Beschreibungen der phonologischen und phonetischen Gebrauchsmerkmale erschöpfen sich aus der Sicht der informellen Kommunikation bekanntlich vorwiegend in den sprecherbezogenen phonologischen Prozessen, die dominant mit einer durch natürliches Sprechtempo bedingten ausspracheerleichternden Funktion einhergehen. Auch verfügt die moderne Interaktionslinguistik über Kenntnisse einiger linguistischer Funktionen von Intonation. Dennoch wissen wir immer noch sehr wenig über die soziale (d. h. auch strategische) Funktionalität der artikulatorischen und prosodischen (also der segmentalen und suprasegmentalen) Merkmale im Gesprächsverhalten. Dieser Beitrag setzt sich zum Ziel, die kontextsensitiven konversationsphonologischen Sprachmerkmale und ihre soziale Funktionsweise im Alltagsgespräch zu skizzieren. Die Problematik der Herangehensweise an die Erfassung der sozialen Bedeutung von konversationeller Phonetik, Phonologie und Prosodie wird anhand von drei exemplarischen Analysen der Kontextualisierung der sozialen Distanz in den Gesprächen bei verschiedenen informellen Gruppen Jugendlicher beleuchtet.
Rate effects on aerodynamics of intervocalic stops : evidence from real speech data and model data
(2008)
This paper is a first attempt towards a better understanding of the aerodynamic properties during speech production and their potential control. In recent years, studies on intraoral pressure in speech have been rather rare, and more studies concern the air flow development. However, the intraoral pressure is a crucial factor for analysing the production of various sounds.
In this paper, we focus on the intraoral pressure development during the production of intervocalic stops.
Two experimental methodologies are presented and confronted with each other: real speech data recorded for four German native speakers, and model data, obtained by a mechanical replica which allows reproducing the main physical mechanisms occurring during phonation. The two methods are presented and applied to a study on the influence of speech rate on aerodynamic properties.
The present article illustrates that the specific articulatory and aerodynamic requirements for voiced but not voiceless alveolar or dental stops can cause tongue tip retraction and tongue mid lowering and thus retroflexion of front coronals. This retroflexion is shown to have occurred diachronically in the three typologically unrelated languages Dhao (Malayo-Polynesian), Thulung (Sino-Tibetan), and Afar (East-Cushitic). In addition to the diachronic cases, we provide synchronic data for retroflexion from an articulatory study with four speakers of German, a language usually described as having alveolar stops. With these combined data we supply evidence that voiced retroflex stops (as the only retroflex segments in a language) did not necessarily emerge from implosives, as argued by Haudricourt (1950), Greenberg (1970), Bhat (1973), and Ohala (1983). Instead, we propose that the voiced front coronal plosive /d/ is generally articulated in a way that favours retroflexion, that is, with a smaller and more retracted place of articulation and a lower tongue and jaw position than /t/.
Ausgehend von Brechts Regieanweisung im Gedicht „Das Zeigen muss gezeigt werden !“ befasst sich das erste Kapitel mit dem deiktischen Prinzip im Stück Die Dreigroschenoper. Nachgewiesen wird seine Zeigestruktur, die die Beggar’s Opera von John Gay durch die Bauform der Dreigroschenoper, letztlich aber die Oper als „romantisches Institut“ generell >beybringt<: Es handelt sich bei diesem Werk im Grunde um ein Lehrstück in Form einer Oper. Zur Darstellung kommt, wie sich das zeigt, was schon allgemein bekannt zu sein scheint (Hegel), wie die Oper und das Zeigen selbst. Im Großformat: Soziale Verelendung. In etlichen Kleinformaten: Eine Hochzeit. Oder Eifersucht, Armut, Prostitution, Trunksucht, Liebe und Verrat oder das, was gemeinhin als „Kriminalität“ bezeichnet wird. Die Dialektik von Einfühlung und Verfremdung tritt als Index zutage: Die Beteiligung am Unbeteiligtsein durch das Zeigen „ohne Mitleid“. Das zweite Kapitel nimmt Brechts Kritik der Einfühlung beim Schauspielen auf und stellt sie reformpädagogischen Unterrichtskonzepten gegenüber. Diese Studien zur Didaktik beleuch-ten die ideologischen morphings der Formel „vom Kinde aus“ und arbeiten einen völlig neuen Begriff von Verfremdung heraus. Es geht um die problematische Vorherrschaft von Familiarisierungen durch Zeigen und Verfremden unter dem Fanal einer sich kindgerecht und human ausgebenden Pädagogik – das „Einfühlungstheater“. Kritisiert werden in Rücksicht auf Brechts Theater in Theorie und Praxis die Illusionen, die das >Beybringen< betreffen. Sei es beim „erfahrungsoffenen Lernen“, das auf den Phänomenen stehe (Wagenschein, Rumpf), sei es beim „handlungs- und schülerorientierten Unterricht“ (Meyer) oder aber beim „Methoden-training“ und dem „eigenverantwortlichen Arbeiten und Lernen“ (Klippert). Das Resultat ist, dass diese Einlassungen theoretisch nicht ganz koscher sind. Die Diagnose gilt nicht minder für eine Pilotstudie zum Holocaust als Unterrichtsthema. Favorisiert wird in diesen Reformen der Pädagogik „das Anschauen des Grauens“ (Brumlik). Im Schlußkapitel entsteht aus den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen eine Theorie der Didaktik. Die Didaktik selbst wird auf ihre eigentliche Aufgabe zurückgeführt: Die Deixis. Die Säulen der vorliegenden Arbeit bilden von Anfang an die Schriften von Klaus Prange, werden aber an dieser Stelle mit den Brechtschen besonders pointiert zusammengebracht. Entgegen Pranges Auffassung ist die Artikulation des Zeigens bereits als Elementarform der Verfremdung zu konstatieren. Rezeptionsästhetische Aspekte kommen ins Spiel (Gandelmann), die Rolle von präsentativen und diskursiven Symbolisierungsformen: „Das Zeigen des Zeigens gehört zur Sprache“ (Prange). Und es gehört nicht nur zur Sprache, sondern die Sprache kommt zur Sprache. Sie erfährt durch das Zeigemoment eine Rhetorisierung, gerade weil sie auch klingt. Die Formel „vom Kinde aus“ entpuppt sich vor dem Hintergrund als „leere Benzintonne“ (Whorf): Die Claqueure der Pädagogik der Reformen wähnen sich mit ihren illusorischen Theorien in Sicherheit, „rauchen“ und „trinken“ wie gewohnt weiter und nehmen nicht für wahr, das auch hier das Wesentliche und in dem Fall Gefährliche für die Augen unsichtbar ist: „How to do Things with words“ (Austin) – diese Frage ist von zentraler Bedeutung für die Pädagogik. Der Räuberhauptmann Macheath würde sagen: „Da kannst du was lernen.“
Temporal development of compensation strategies for perturbed palate shape in German /S/-production
(2006)
The palate shape of four speakers was changed by a prosthesis which either lowered the palate or retracted the alveoles. Subjects wore the prosthesis for two weeks and were recorded several times via EMA. Results of articulatory measurements show that speakers use different compensation methods at different stages of the adaptation. They lower the tongue immediately after the insertion of the prosthesis. Other compensation methods as for example lip protrusion are only acquired after longer practising periods. The results are interpreted as supporting the existence of different mappings between motor commands, vocal tract shape and auditory-acoustic target.
In this paper the issue of the nature of the representations of the speech production task in the speaker's brain is addressed in a production-perception interaction framework. Since speech is produced to be perceived, it is hypothesized that its production is associated for the speaker with the generation of specific physical characteristics that are for the listeners the objects of speech perception. Hence, in the first part of the paper, four reference theories of speech perception are presented, in order to guide and to constrain the search for possible correlates of the speech production task in the physical space: the Acoustic Invariance Theory, the Adaptive Variability Theory, the Motor Theory and the Direct-Realist Theory. Possible interpretations of these theories in terms of representations of the speech production task are proposed and analyzed. In a second part, a few selected experimental studies are presented, which shed some light on this issue. In the conclusion, on the basis of the joint analysis of theoretical and experimental aspects presented in the paper, it is proposed that representations of the speech production task are multimodal, and that a hierarchy exists among the different modalities, the acoustic modality having the highest level of priority. It is also suggested that these representations are not associated with invariant characteristics, but with regions of the acoustic, orosensory and motor control spaces.
This work investigates laryngeal and supralaryngeal correlates of the voicing contrast in alveolar obstruent production in German. It further studies laryngealoral co-ordination observed for such productions. Three different positions of the obstruents are taken into account: the stressed, syllable initial position, the post-stressed intervocalic position, and the post-stressed word final position. For the latter the phonological rule of final devoicing applies in German. The different positions are chosen in order to study the following hypotheses:
1. The presence/absence of glottal opening is not a consistent correlate of the voicing contrast in German.
2. Supralaryngeal correlates are also involved in the contrast.
3. Supralaryngeal correlates can compensate for the lack of distinction in laryngeal adjustment.
Including the word final position is motivated by the question whether neutralization in word final position would be complete or whether some articulatory residue of the contrast can be found.
Two experiments are carried out. The first experiment investigates glottal abduction in co-ordination with tongue-palate contact patterns by means of simultaneous recordings of transillumination, fiberoptic films and Electropalatography (EPG). The second experiment focuses on supralaryngeal correlates of alveolar stops studied by means of Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA) simultaneously with EPG. Three German native speakers participated in both recordings. Results of this study provide evidence that the first hypothesis holds true for alveolar stops when different positions are taken into account. In fricative production it is also confirmed since voiceless and voiced fricatives are most of the time realised with glottal abduction. Additionally, supralaryngeal correlates are involved in the voicing contrast under two perspectives. First, laryngeal and supralaryngeal movements are well synchronised in voiceless obstruent production, particularly in the stressed position. Second, supralaryngeal correlates occur especially in the post-stressed intervocalic position. Results are discussed with respect to the phonetics-phonology interface, to the role of timing and its possible control, to the interarticulatory co-ordination, and to stress as 'localised hyperarticulation'.