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1970'li yıllarda özerk bir disiplin olarak kabul edilen çeviribilim, geçmişten günümüze edebiyat, psikoloji, sosyoloji, antropoloji ve tarih gibi pek çok sosyal bilim dalları ile etkileşime girdiği gibi başka alanları da etkilemiştir. Bu alanlardan biri de hiç kuşkusuz teknoloji olmuştur. 1980'li yıllarda teknolojinin gelişip değişmesi ile çeviribilim, yerelleştirme sektörünün ortaya çıkmasına aracılık etmiştir. 1990'lı yıllarda sektörün gelişmesinin sonucunda çevirmenler büyük projelerde bilgisayar destekli çeviri araçlarından daha fazla faydalanmaya başlamıştır. Sektörün ilk ortaya çıktığı zamanlardan bu yana yerelleştirmenin çeviribilimin alt dalı olup olmadığına ilişkin tartışmalar devam etmektedir. Bazı kuramcılar, çeviri ve yerelleştirmenin benzer nitelikler taşıdığını savunmasına karşın, bazı kuramcılar iki alanın da çok farklı sürece ve işleyişe sahip olduğunu dile getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada, farklı kuramcıları görüşlerinden yola çıkarak yerelleştirme sürecini oluşturan küreselleştirme, uluslararasılaştırma, yerelleştirme aşamaları tanımlanıp çeviribilim ve yerelleştirme arasındaki ilişki ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda, bu ilişkiden yola çıkılarak ürünlerin hedef kitleye ulaştırılması için çağdaş çeviri kuramcısı Anthony Pym tarafından kullanılan aktarım ve dağıtım kavramlarının yerelleştirme sürecinde hangi açılardan ele alındığı ve bu kavramların nasıl nitelendirildiği tartışılmıştır. Makalede aynı zamanda Pym'in yaklaşımına dayanarak yerelleştirme olgusunda ve sürecinde çevirinin işleyişi ve yeri de irdelenmiştir.
Background: Polyploidy and apomixis are important factors influencing plant distributions often resulting in range shifts, expansions and geographical parthenogenesis. We used the Ranunculus auricomus complex as a model to asses if the past and present distribution and climatic preferences were determined by these phenomena.
Results: Ecological differentiation among diploids and polyploids was tested by comparing the sets of climatic variables and distribution modelling using 191 novel ploidy estimations and 561 literature data. Significant differences in relative genome size on the diploid level were recorded between the “auricomus” and “cassubicus” groups and several new diploid occurrences were found in Slovenia and Hungary. The current distribution of diploids overlapped with the modelled paleodistribution (22 kyr BP), except Austria and the Carpathians, which are proposed to be colonized later on from refugia in the Balkans. Current and historical presence of diploids from the R. auricomus complex is suggested also for the foothills of the Caucasus. Based on comparisons of the climatic preferences polyploids from the R. auricomus complex occupy slightly drier and colder habitats than the diploids.
Conclusions: The change of reproductive mode and selection due to competition with the diploid ancestors may have facilitated the establishment of polyploids within the R. auricomus complex in environments slightly cooler and drier, than those tolerated by diploid ancestors. Much broader distribution of polyploid apomicts may have been achieved due to faster colonization mediated by uniparental reproductive system.
In this study we describe a new species of the click-beetle genus Lacon Laporte, 1838 from the relict Hyrcanian forest in northern Iran. Lacon mertliki sp. nov. is morphologically similar to L. lepidopterus (Panzer, 1801) but differs from the latter in the body coloration and pubescence, the shape of pronotum and scutellar shield, and male and female genitalia. We provide brief data on its ecology as well as an identification key to all Lacon species in Iran. Additionally, we synonymize Lacon nadaii Platia & Németh, 2011 with Lacon unicolor (Candèze, 1874).
During four field trips in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan from 2010 to 2018, the author collected data of a total of 55 species (see Tab. 2 in Appendix). This study provides first insights into new or rare species in this ecoregion. Ischnura fountaineae and Cordulia aenea were found for the first time in Armenia. We also highlight the rediscovery of some species that were mentioned in the older literature but had not been confirmed since. An autochthonous population of Lestes macrostigma was discovered in Azerbaijan sixteen years after the single previous record by Dumont (2004). Original information is provided on the distribution of some rare species encountered in these countries. Finally, the identification of a puzzling Cordulegaster sp. observed in south Armenia is discussed briefly.
A checklist of the Scarabaeoidea (except Passalidae) of the Guianas (Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana) is presented for the first time. Both recorded and potential species are included, the latter defined as being recorded from Brazil north of the Amazon/Rio Negro main channel or from Venezuela east of the Orinoco main channel. The checklist contains a total of 930 species and subspecies, with 265 validly recorded from Guyana (eight new country records), 388 from Suriname (146 new country records), 531 from French Guiana (four new country records) and 177 additional species recorded from contiguous areas of neighboring Brazil and Venezuela. Valid names as well as selected synonyms are provided. Multiple notes on presently recognized subspecies, nomenclatural problems, doubtful type localities, historical misidentifications, etc. are included. An extensive reference list is provided.
Crypticerya brasiliensis (Hempel) and Crypticerya genistae (Hempel) (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae:
Iceryini) are herein reported for the fi rst time in Colombia. The above two species and Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo and Unruh and Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell) are briefl y diagnosed based on the adult females. The presence of C. zeteki in Colombia is confi rmed and a key to the adult females of species of the tribe Iceryini reported in Colombia is provided.
BACKGROUND: Geographical variation of the general practitioner (GP) workforce is known between rural and urban areas. However, data about the variation between and within urban areas are lacking.
METHOD: We analyzed distribution patterns of GP full time equivalents (FTE) in German cities with a population size of more than 500,000. We correlated their distribution with area measures of social deprivation in order to analyze preferences within neighborhood characteristics. For this purpose, we developed two area measures of deprivation: Geodemographic Index (GDI) and Cultureeconomic Index (CEI).
RESULTS: In total n = 9034.75 FTE were included in n = 14 cities with n = 171 districts. FTE were distributed equally on inter-city level (mean: 6.49; range: 5.12-7.20; SD: 0.51). However, on intra-city level, GP distribution was skewed (mean: 6.54; range: 1.80-43.98; SD: 3.62). Distribution patterns of FTE per 10^4 residents were significantly correlated with GDI (r = -0.49; p < 0.001) and CEI (r = -0.22; p = 0.005). Therefore, location choices of GPs were mainly positively correlated with 1) central location (r = -0.50; p < 0.001), 2) small household size of population (r = -0.50; p < 0.001) and 3) population density (r = 0.35; p < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Intra-city distribution of GPs was skewed, which could affect the equality of access for the urban population. Furthermore, health services planners should be aware of GP location preferences. This could be helpful to better understand and plan delivery of health services. Within this process the presented Geodemographic Index (GDI) could be of use.
The Great Recession confirmed a bedrock principle of modern consumption theory: It is impossible to explain aggregate spending behavior without knowledge of the underlying microeconomic distribution of circumstances and choices across households. National accounting frameworks therefore need to be augmented by “bottom up” measures that both (a) capture the microeconomic heterogeneity (in expenditures, income, assets, debt, and beliefs) in the population and (b) sum up to statistics that have a recognizable relationship to the aggregate totals that are already reasonably well measured.
We provide new records of biting and predaceous midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Guadeloupe in the subfamily Ceratopogoninae, including descriptions and illustrations of three new predaceous species in the genera, Parabezzia Malloch, Stilobezzia Kieffer and Palpomyia Meigen, respectively, and the first records of the New World predaceous genus, Amerohelea Grogan and Wirth, from the Caribbean region. We also provide the first Guadeloupe records of the biting midges, Culicoides (Anilomyia) decor (Williston), C. (Avaritia) pusillus Lutz, C. (Drymodesmyia) bredini Wirth and Blanton, C. (D.) poikilonotus Macfie, C. (Haematomyidium) hoffmani Fox, C. (Hoffmania) insignis Lutz, C. rangeli Ortiz and Mirsa and C. trilineatus Fox, and the predaceous midges, Brachypogon (Brachypogon) bifidus Spinelli and Grogan, B. (B.) telesfordi Spinelli and Grogan, B. (B.) woodruffi Spinelli and Grogan, Monohelea maya Felippe-Bauer, Huerta and Ibáñez-Bernal, Stilobezzia (Stilobezzia) diminuta Lane and Forattini, S. (S.) thomsenae Wirth, Amerohelea galindoi Grogan and Wirth, Bezzia (Bezzia) flinti Spinelli and Wirth, B. (Homobezzia) venustula (Williston) and Palpomyia insularis Spinelli and Grogan.