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Seit einigen Jahren werden Publikationen über die Finanzierung des Ersten Weltkriegs veröffentlicht. Die Banken in Deutschland waren für die Geldschöpfung des Staates unerlässlich, da diese den Vertrieb von Kriegsanleihen an deren Kunden sicherstellten. In dieser Arbeit wird anhand von ausgewählten Genossenschaftsbanken und Sparkassen veranschaulicht, wie sich die Unternehmen auf die kriegswirtschaftliche Situation einstellten. Hierbei gab es regionale Unterschiede, denn eine ansteigende Kriegskonjunktur machte sich vorzugsweise in Gebieten mit hoher Industriedichte bemerkbar. Viele Menschen investierten Geld in Kriegsanleihen, welches nach der Niederlage 1918 verloren war. Die Banken besaßen ebenfalls große Kontingente an Anleihen, die nach dem Krieg die Bilanzen belasten sollten. In dieser Arbeit wird dargestellt, welche Möglichkeiten Genossenschaftsbanken und Sparkassen nach dem Krieg besaßen, diese Anleihen aus den Bilanzen zu tilgen.
This paper suggests a motive for bank mergers that goes beyond alleged and typically unverifiable scale economies: preemtive resolution of banks´ financial distress. Such "distress mergers" can be a significant motivation for mergers because they can foster reorganizations, realize diversification gains, and avoid public attention. However, since none of these potential benefits comes without a cost, the overall assessment of distress mergers is unclear. We conduct an empirical analysis to provide evidence on consequences of distress mergers. The analysis is based on comprehensive data from Germany´s savings and cooperatives banks sectors over the period 1993 to 2001. During this period both sectors faced significant structural problems and superordinate institutions (associations) presumably have engaged in coordinated actions to manage distress mergers. The data comprise 3640 banks and 1484 mergers. Our results suggest that bank mergers as a means of preemtive distress resolution have moderate costs in terms of the economic impact on performance. We do find strong evidence consistent with diversification gains. Thus, distress mergers seem to have benefits without affecting systematic stability adversely.
Credit Unions are cooperative financial institutions specializing in the basic financial needs of certain groups of consumers. A distinguishing feature of credit unions is the legal requirement that members share a common bond. This organizing principle recently became the focus of national attention as the Supreme Court and the U.S. Congress took opposite sides in a controversy regarding the number of common bonds that could co-exist within the membership of a single credit union. Despite its importance, little research has been done into how common bonds affect how credit unions actually operate. We frame the issues with a simple theoretical model of credit-union formation and consolidation. To provide intuition into the flexibility of multiple-group credit unions in serving members, we simulate the model and present some comparative-static results. We then apply a semi-parametric empirical model to a large dataset drawn from federally chartered occupational credit unions in 1996 to investigate the effects of common bonds. Our results suggest that credit unions with multiple common bonds have higher participation rates than credit unions that are otherwise similar but whose membership shares a single common bond.