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Die verfügbaren theoretischen und kulturhistorischen Untersuchungen über das Lesen zeigen kaum Neigung, sich mit dem Problem der Abgrenzung wissenschaftlichen Wissens von anderen Wissensbeständen zu beschäftigen; vielleicht, weil es so selbstverständlich scheint, dass die Fähigkeit zu lesen keine Domäne bildet, die exklusives Eigentum einer Wissenschaft sein könnte. Da jedoch viele geisteswissenschaftliche Disziplinen der Vorstellung verhaftet bleiben, dass sie über besondere Methoden des Lesens verfügen, die ansonsten unerreichbares Wissen hervorbringen, klafft hier eine epistemologische Lücke.
Philologie der Hand
(2019)
Mit größter Selbstverständlichkeit spricht die Wissensgeschichte der Philologie von einer "Philologie des Ohrs" und einer "Philologie des Auges". Während sich die Ohrenphilologie in der Tradition des Phono(logo)zentrismus eingerichtet hat, beruft sich die Augenphilologie darauf, dass Literatur als Schrifttum zunächst optisch wahrgenommen werden müsse, bevor aus gesehenen Texten auch gelesene würden. Wie verkürzt beide Schulen argumentieren, zeigt sich nicht nur an Schriftsystemen, die den Tastsinn adressieren, oder an Sprachformen, die sich wesentlich auf die Handgeste stützen. Ein näherer Blick auf die Geschichte der Literatur enthüllt, dass die vermeintlich klare Aufteilung des philologischen Territoriums zwischen Akustik und Optik deutlich komplexer ist, denn die Dyade Auge-Ohr unterliegt permanenten Triangulierungen durch die Hand. Der Beitrag zeichnet diese Dreiecksbeziehungen mit ‚Blick‘ auf drei vernachlässigte Paradigmen der Moderne nach: Die Poetik der Geste, die Poetik des Werkzeugs und die Poetik der Berührung. Im Zentrum stehen dabei Konzepte des russischen Formalismus, der konstruktivistischen Produktionsliteratur, der symbolistischen Lautlehre und der futuristischen Haptologie.
"The golden age of cultural theory is long past" - with this statement, Terry Eagleton begins his puzzling reflections on the era "After Theory" - that's the title of his book, first published in 2001. If the invasion of literary and cultural theory has come to an end, as Eagleton suggests, theory will probably become a simple object of the history of ideas. But what theoretical implications accompany the discourse of a possible and even probable end of theory? In this so-called era after theory, literary criticism quickly decided to take new steps: the Anglo-American tradition of "Cultural Studies" attempted to replace the theoretical impact of French theory with a more empirical approach to literary texts. At the same time, good old philology raised its hand to oppose the topographical turn of cultural studies as well as the deconstructive turn against all forms of presence. [...] For Foucault, philology is nothing more than a part of the historical discourse of the nineteenth century, an old-fashioned term that lacks any impact on contemporary problems. For this and other reasons, Foucault showed little interest in more recent models of philology. But maybe instead of subscribing too easily to the notion that we live in an era after theory, where problems of literary theory are replaced by concepts of discourse and culture that no longer pay any attention to literature, what is called for is an investigation of the impact of philological understanding in the humanities.
Borges : philology as poetry
(2018)
The titles of many of Borges's poems refer to canonical texts of world literature. One poem, for example, deals with the ending of the Odyssey and is simply called "A scholion"; others are called "Inferno V, 129" and "Paradise XXXI, 108", referring both to Dante's "Divine Comedy". These titles indicate that in his poems, Borges often keeps his distance from traditional poetical matters such as love, or, more generally, immediate emotions. Instead, he writes poems that gloss other texts, some of which actually relate love stories. Thus, Borges's poems stage themselves as philological commentaries rather than as poetry in its own right. In a similar vein and on a more general level, Borges likes to present himself in poems, interviews, and essays as a fervent reader of world literature, playing down his role as an original author. [...] In the following two sections of his paper, Joachim Harst tackles this question by commenting on two of Borges's philological poems, namely, the two texts on Dante's "Comedy". A ready objection to the idea of "philological poetry" is that despite Borges's selfstaging as reader, his texts obviously aren't philological in any academic sense. [...] The fundamental role of love for Dante's cosmological vision leads Harst to another understanding of the term "philology," namely, its more or less literal translation as "love of the lógos," the "lógos" being the cosmic principle and the divine word. Dante's Comedy can be considered a "philological" text in the sense that it is fueled by the "love of the lógos," and it discusses this love by citing, glossing and correcting other texts on love. Returning to Borges, Harst suggests that his two "philological" poems on Dante refer to this understanding of "philology." But by modifying the epic's theological underpinnings, they work to integrate Dante into a larger system which Borges calls "universal literature." Harst claims that this notion of literature, just like Dante's cosmos, is also centered on a lógos—albeit differently structured—and in this sense "philological."
One characteristic of the work of Roland Barthes - and of that of other structuralist theorists - is the attempt to replace traditional forms of academic criticism, its unreflected claim of objectivity, and its dominant methods of 'text explanation' by science-based approaches which draw extensively on the ideas and terminology of theoretical corpora. [...] The relation between Barthes' position and philology deserves a closer look, however. What exactly is Barthes opposing under the label 'philology'? And do Barthes' theoretical advancements actually present a radical rupture with philology or do they not, at least to some extent, also build on philological methodology? To put it differently: do Barthes' works not, rather than entirely refuting philological methods of reading, serve to re-orientate philology itself - in line with or going beyond other contemporary views? To answer these questions, it will be necessary to sketch out at least roughly which notions of philology are and which are not compatible with Barthes' theory of the text, and which notions of philology may even form an integral part of his approach. If we come to the conclusion that philological interpretation does indeed form a part of Barthes' theoretical as well as practical endeavour, it will be important to determine its exact place and function. What happens to philology in such a theoretical environment? Is it simply given a 'facelift' or is it adapted to theoretical insights that cannot be dismissed? Ultimately, these questions point toward the aesthetic aspects of Barthes' theoretical language. Therefore, Regine Strätling examines whether a particular relation between theory and philology has had a part in the overwhelming success and the obvious attractiveness of Barthes' language of theory. Her emphasis will be on Barthes' essay S/Z, one of his most technical literary analyses as well as his most extensive and meticulous analysis of a literary text. Barthes himself promoted his 1970 essay as the first exhaustive structural analysis of a narrative text. With regard to the state of the art of structuralist textual analysis, Barthes claimed that after a period dedicated to extracting the macro-structures of texts, structuralism now had to face a new challenge: it had to proceed to a more comprehensive approach, also taking into account the micro-structures of a given text. And indeed, although Barthes in S/Z does not proceed literally word by word, he very nearly does so.
Genealogy and philology
(2018)
The present paper deals with the use of the term "genealogy" in theory. Markus Winkler first tries to highlight the hidden metaphorical status of this use and the ambiguity that it conveys. In doing so, Winkler tries to outline how this metaphoricity and its inherent ambiguity may be brought to fruition in the philological analysis of texts and in theory itself. The paper is subdivided as follows: 1. The use of the term "genealogy" in theory and the interest of this use to philology. 2. A philological comment on the metaphorical status of this use and its inherent ambiguity inherited from mythical genealogy as a form of founding narrative. 3. The imitation of mythical genealogy and its inherent ambiguity in theory (Nietzsche) and literature (Goethe). 4. Genealogy's ambiguity in theory: an example taken from current political discourse. 5. Conclusion.
In der Moderne verändert sich der Umgang mit heiligen Texten und damit auch die traditionelle Praxis des Kommentars. Einerseits werden solche Texte nun auch wissenschaftlich und kritisch kommentiert, andererseits leben religiöse Kommentarformen auch in säkularen Kontexten fort: etwa in der Dichtung, der Philosophie oder der Philologie. Der Kommentar war lange der Königsweg der Auseinandersetzung mit klassischen, kanonischen und als "heilig" verstandenen Texten. Weil das Verständnis von Schriftlichkeit entscheidend davon geprägt ist, wie man Texte kommentiert, ist die Geschichte des Kommentars zentral, um die Entstehung der modernen säkularen Textkultur zu verstehen. Der Band fragt, wie die Kommentierung religiöser Texte unter den Bedingungen der Säkularisierung noch möglich ist. Er beleuchtet Denkfiguren und Textpraktiken, mit denen säkulare Texte sakralisiert werden und wie jene Verschiebungen unser Verständnis von Kommentar verändern.
Die Frage ist, ob und in welcher Weise säkulare Texte auf religiöse Auslegungspraktiken und Deutungsmuster rekurrieren, und welche Verschiebungen dabei zwischen ihnen stattfinden. Die Autoren gehen dabei erstens davon aus, dass der Kommentar eine paradoxe Textpraxis ist, und zweitens davon, dass diese Paradoxie in der Moderne besonders dort manifest wird, wo sie sich mit denjenigen Paradoxien berührt oder überschneidet, die im Prozess der Säkularisierung entstehen.
'Heilige Texte' werden in der Forschung derzeit höchst kontrovers diskutiert. Eine Theorie des heiligen Textes ist dabei allerdings bislang weder seitens der Religions- noch der Literaturwissenschaften entwickelt worden. Dieser symptomatischen Leerstelle begegnen die hier versammelten Beiträge, indem sie Lektüren, Praktiken und Adaptionen 'heiliger Texte' untersuchen, aus denen eine Theorie des heiligen Textes in der Moderne entwickelt werden kann. Sie betrachten die Verbindungen zwischen theologischen und literarischen Texten aus so unterschiedlichen Perspektiven wie Religionswissenschaft, Theologie, Literatur-, Kultur- und Kunstwissenschaften.