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Metabolism has long served as a broad organizing concept in Russian and Soviet culture for the exchange of material and energy between organisms and their environment. The Russian term 'obmen veshchestv', literally meaning "exchange of substances", semantically ranges beyond the Latinate 'metabolizm' (metabolism) and provides a framework for reflecting on bodies and material objects as open systems engaged in a constant process of transformation. 'Obmen veshchestv' appears in public discourse in mid-19th century Russia as a calque from the German term 'Stoffwechsel' (or 'Wechsel der Materie'). Its usage in Russia reflects the enduring influence of German science. In this entry, I will explore the development and expansion of this concept of material and energy exchange between organisms and their environment in Russia and the Soviet Union. In the course of a century, metabolism migrated from discussions of plant nutrition into physiology, thermodynamics, and ultimately into the Soviet practice of state economic planning. This entry will therefore pay particular attention to the early Soviet period when existing debates on metabolism took on new urgency as tools for praxis on every scale, from the body of the individual worker to humanity's future collective management of planetary material and energy flows.
Current metabolomics approaches utilize cellular metabolite extracts, are destructive, and require high cell numbers. We introduce here an approach that enables the monitoring of cellular metabolism at lower cell numbers by observing the consumption/production of different metabolites over several kinetic data points of up to 48 hours. Our approach does not influence cellular viability, as we optimized the cellular matrix in comparison to other materials used in a variety of in‐cell NMR spectroscopy experiments. We are able to monitor real‐time metabolism of primary patient cells, which are extremely sensitive to external stress. Measurements are set up in an interleaved manner with short acquisition times (approximately 7 minutes per sample), which allows the monitoring of up to 15 patient samples simultaneously. Further, we implemented our approach for performing tracer‐based assays. Our approach will be important not only in the metabolomics fields, but also in individualized diagnostics.
Ich möchte kurz voranstellen, dass ich als Umweltwissenschaftlerin ausgebildet bin, in der Epidemiologie promoviert und mich daraufhin der Wissensgeschichte und -soziologie und insbesondere den Science & Technology Studies zugewandt habe. Mein Interesse an den alltäglichen Praktiken der Wissensbildung und technischen Formalisierungsprozessen in der Ernährungsepidemiologie ist zum einen inspiriert durch den practice turn und den material turn in der Wissenschaftsforschung, zum andern aber auch durch meine eigene Forschungserfahrung in der Epidemiologie. Im Hinblick auf Epigenetik und Ernährung als Medium der Übertragung frage ich nach so banalen Dingen wie: "Wie werden Äpfel in Experimenten formalisiert?", um einigen konkreten Arbeitsweisen der Postgenomik innerhalb des Feldes Nahrung - Ernährung - Stoffwechsel nachzugehen. Im Sinne der bereits erwähnten Unterscheidung zwischen intra- und intergenerationaler Bedeutung des Begriffs Epigenetik von Testa und Boniolo geht es in den folgenden Beispielen primär um intragenerationale Epigenetik. Allerdings gibt es auch in der Ernährungsepidemiologie durchaus Forschung zu inter- oder transgenerationalen Effekten, hier werden oft die Langzeitstudien genannt, in denen die Folgen des niederländischen Hungerwinters 1944, während der deutschen Besatzung, als die Wehrmacht die Versorgungswege der Bevölkerung blockierte, über mehrere Generationen untersucht wurden (vgl. auch den Beitrag von Guy Vergères).
Feral cats (Felis catus), introduced into Australia with European settlers in the 19th century, colonized the entire Australian continent in less than 100 years, including the Australian arid zone which covers more than 70% of the continent. Feral cats are responsible for the decline and extinction of a number of native species and the failure of a number of reintroduction attempts, especially in the arid zone. Many ecological studies on feral cats have been conducted on home range size and movement patterns in different environments, abundance and diet, with the aim of gaining a better understanding about their successful invasion of the Australian continent. There are no physiological studies on the feral cat to date. However, there is evidence that there is a strong interrelation between physiology and abiotic factors such as climate. Thus, distribution, habitat, and dispersal of species can not fully be understood without background knowledge of physiology. This PhD aims to contribute to a better understanding of three physiological parameters: metabolism, body mass and body temperature patterns. These parameters may possibly identify physiological adaptation to different climate zones, seasonal conditions and island isolation.