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Imageability and emotionality ratings for 2592 German nouns (3–10 letters, one to three phonological syllables) were obtained from younger adults (21–31 years) and older adults (70–86 years). Valid ratings were obtained on average from 20 younger and 23 older adults per word for imageability, and from 18 younger and 19 older adults per word for emotionality. The internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) and retest rank-order stability of the ratings were high for both age groups (α and r ≥ .97). Also, the validity of our ratings was found to be high, as compared to previously published ratings (r ≥ .86). The ratings showed substantial rank-order stability across younger and older adults (imageability, r = .94; emotionality, r = .85). At the same time, systematic differences between age groups were found in the mean levels of ratings (imageability, d = 0.38; emotionality, d = 0.20) and in the extent to which the rating scales were used (imageability, SD = 24 vs. 19, scale of 0 to 100; emotionality, SD = 26 vs. 31, scale of −100 to 100). At the descriptive level, our data hint at systematically different evaluations of semantic categories regarding imageability and emotionality across younger and older adults. Given that imageability and emotionality have been reported, for instance, as important determinants for the recognition and recall of words, our findings highlight the importance of considering age-specific information in age-comparative cognitive (neuroscience) experimental studies using word materials. The age-specific imageability and emotionality ratings for the 2592 German nouns can be found in the electronic supplementary material...
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Kollokabilität der partiell synonymischen Verben bewilligen und genehmigen und ihre Konfrontation mit dem Antonym verhindern untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die Forschung der Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in der Kollokabilität der Verben und die Bestimmung des Einflusses der Kollokabilität auf Semantik der Verben. Die Untersuchung der Kollokabilität der sprachlichen Einheiten ist wichtig, weil es für jede Sprache gilt, dass die kombinatorischen Eigenschaften der sprachlichen Einheiten spezifisch und einzigartig sind...
The volume changes of cesium under pressure are discussed with respect to the packing density of the atoms and valence. The element is univalent in densely packed Cs I and Cs II. Valence increases in Cs III (packing density q = 0.973), in Cs IV (q = 0.943), in Cs V (q ~ 0.99), and in close packed Cs VI. The diminuition of volume beyond ~ 15 GPa is caused by this increase only which implies that electrons of the fifth shell act as valence electrons.