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In the culture history of ancient Europe questions pertaining to its diverse relationships to advanced civilisations in the Mediterranean sphere look back upon a long tradition. Varyingly different single finds and groups of finds have repeatedly provided the prospect and scope for investigating the character and extent of contacts and influences as well as the consequences for cultural developments north of the Alps. In discussions on the genesis and significance of the Bronze Age in central and northern Europe, the perceived linkages between the eastern Mediterranean and the Carpathian Basin and via the Danube River as far as areas north of the Alps have played an important role. Without question, the Danube River represented a crucial axis of communication ever since the Neolithic period and in following times. Recent interdisciplinary studies, however, have broadened the scope and shown that further important communication routes existed along the Ionian-Adriatic Sea to Upper Italy and beyond the Alps, and via the Rhône valley and the West Alps to the North. Thereby, impulses of varying economic nature could be discerned, which were consequential for many aspects of the cultural development of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Central Europe.
Poesie ermöglicht Zugänge : Potenziale deutschsprachig-muslimischer Lyrik für Unterricht und Praxis
(2023)
Die Arbeit widmet sich der im Jahr 2017 verstorbenen Frankfurter Künstlerin Martina Kügler und der Darstellung von Geschlechtlichkeit in ihren Zeichnungen. Der erste Teil der Arbeit beschreibt ihre Ausbildung an der Städelschule und ihre künstlerische Entwicklung. Schon früh entwickelte Kügler einen eigenen, radikal reduktionistischen, aber dennoch figürlichen Stil in ihren Zeichnungen. Vor dem Hintergrund gesellschaftlicher und künstlerischer Strömungen, die sich der sexuellen Liberalisierung verschrieben hatten, experimentierte Kügler in ihren Arbeiten mit sexuell konnotierten Motiven und geschlechtlichen Zuschreibungen, verarbeitete und zitierte dabei Vorbilder der klassischen und modernen Kunstgeschichte und spielte nicht ohne Ironie mit hergebrachten Bildtraditionen. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit analysiert die Geschlechtlichkeit in Küglers Zeichnungen vor dem Hintergrund von Erkenntnissen der feministischen Kunstgeschichte und der Genderstudies. Dabei zeigt sich, dass Erotik und Sexualität in den Zeichnungen allgegenwärtig sind, ohne dass nackte Körper einem antizipierten Begehren der Betrachtenden zur Schau gegeben werden. Die Künstlerin löst sich von Bildtraditionen, die mit ästhetisierendem Framing oder aufreizenden Posen auf männliche Triebhaftigkeit Bezug nehmen. Sexualität und Erotik erscheinen als lustvolles anarchisches Geschehen, frei von objektifizierenden Blick-Perspektiven. Dies zeigt sich insbesondere im Vergleich mit erotischen Zeichnungen von Surrealisten wie Hans Bellmer und André Masson. Auch bezüglich des Geschlechts der Figuren wird erkennbar, dass Kügler heteronormative Traditionen hinter sich lässt. Viele ihrer Figuren passen nicht in eine binäre Ordnung von männlich/weiblich. Die Geschlechter vermischen sich und durchdringen einander zu einem allgemein menschlichen Bild von Lust und Begehren. Damit scheinen in Küglers Zeichnungen bereits in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren Aspekte von Geschlechtlichkeit auf, die erst später in der feministischen Kunstwissenschaft und in den Genderstudies expliziert wurden.
This study examines the political contestation among Malay Professional Satirists (MPS) through their selected political satire works between 2011-2018. Political satire challenges those in power and is often regarded as fake news and libel. Therefore, political satirists tend to be frequently subject to legal action and are accused of disrupting national harmony. However, there is another group within the social and cultural community, which I call Social and Cultural Professionals (SCP), who also use satire but are supported by the government. This group frequently received financial benefits from the state and are at lower risk of suffering legal consequences. These contrasting conditions raise several important questions: who are the Malaysian Professional Satirists? Who are the targets of MPS in their satirical work? Why do MPS satirise them? And why do the MPS still produce political satire despite the potential legal consequences? Therefore, this study attempts to identify the characters, themes, and issues the MPS highlight; it also considers the reasons and motivations that political satirists have for creating such allegedly controversial works. Malaysia’s Reformasi movement and the booming use of the internet in 1998 mobilised multiple alternative social movements, mainly through art-related activities. Art workers, NGOs, as well as musical and cultural groups, protested creatively against the UMNO-BN ruling regime. Creative protests that employed satire and humour somehow succeeded in attracting a significant proportion of the public to follow political and current issues, especially youths in universities who had been depoliticised with the inception of the University and University College Act (AUKU 1979). This study establishes a point of view that political satire is a fun, loose, free form of resistance, contrasting with formal procedural democracy. The previous literature proposes that the study of Malaysia’s political system should focus on formal political procedures, especially election and representation. However, the study of political satire vis-à-vis democratisation is often neglected and thus such studies are scarce, which might have resulted from how satire is strictly discussed in terms of language and media. There has been a growing interest in how satirist and satirical works are regarded; hence, this study attempts to fill a gap in research on political satire in Malaysia. In contrast, democratisation is often discussed in terms of history, politics, anthropology, sociology, and economics. This qualitative study presents a comprehensive account of interviews with four (4) art workers identified as MPS, as based on appropriate criteria. Each informant had either partaken in alternative social movements or faced legal action from authorities or, indeed, both. In this study, the Theory of Contestation and Two-Social Reality serves as a primary framework to lead to an understanding of the contestation of power in Malaysia through political satire. This study further intends to broaden the knowledge of political satire and humour in the study of democratisation, adding to the existing literature, particularly outside formal political procedures.