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O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as motivações e expectativas profissionais dos estudantes do curso de Pós-Graduação em Língua e Literatura Alemã de uma universidade pública brasileira no estado de São Paulo. A investigação foi realizada com base em um questionário respondido por 20 discentes do curso de pós-graduação dos programas de mestrado e doutorado daquela instituição em 2017, visando identificar os motivos que os levaram a optar por essa carreira e suas perspectivas de desenvolvimento profissional na área. A fundamentação teórica advém da perspectiva dos estudos de crenças discentes (SILVA 2007; BARCELOS 2001), mais especificamente dos estudos de crenças de alunos acerca da aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras. A metodologia da pesquisa corresponde a um paradigma híbrido (MAYRING 2015; KUCKARTZ 2014; 2016) com características de pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa. Os resultados apontam que os participantes do contexto investigado são, em grande parte, jovens com o desejo de atuar no ensino superior na área de sua formação. Porém, mesmo que o programa em que participam atenda de modo geral suas expectativas, há preocupações a respeito das dificuldades enfrentadas pela educação brasileira atual, algo que se expressa principalmente pela baixa valorização do papel e função docentes.
Wer freiwillig Umwege geht, versucht den Raum nicht zu dominieren oder schnellstmöglich von Punkt A nach Punkt B zu durchqueren; vielmehr geht er spielerisch und lustvoll auf die Landschaft ein, lässt sich von ihr leiten, indem er sich dem Eros ihrer Tiefe und Weite ausliefert. Der Umweg zwingt zur Langsamkeit. Er verführt den Leib stärker zur Genauigkeit der Wahrnehmung und zur Konkretheit der Erfahrung. Wer ihn eilend auf dem kürzesten Weg zu durchqueren versucht, sieht den Raum hingegen bloß als ein abstraktes Hindernis, das es zu überwinden gilt. Während die direkte Bewegung von Punkt A nach Punkt B eine endliche Strecke definiert, entwirft der Umweg einen reversiblen, unabschließbaren und prinzipiell unendlichen Raum. Die Umwegigkeit spielt mit dem Raum, bricht ihn ironisch, sie verzichtet auf die Strenge und Ernsthaftigkeit der geraden Linie und des direkten Weges.
In human neuroscientific research, there has been an increasing interest in how the brain computes the value of an anticipated outcome. However, evidence is still missing about which valuation related brain regions are modulated by the proximity to an expected goal and the previously invested effort to reach a goal. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the effects of goal proximity and invested effort on valuation related regions in the human brain. We addressed this question in two fMRI studies by integrating a commonly used reward anticipation task in differential versions of a Multitrial Reward Schedule Paradigm. In both experiments, subjects had to perform consecutive reward anticipation tasks under two different reward contingencies: in the delayed condition, participants received a monetary reward only after successful completion of multiple consecutive trials. In the immediate condition, money was earned after every successful trial. In the first study, we could demonstrate that the rostral cingulate zone of the posterior medial frontal cortex signals action value contingent to goal proximity, thereby replicating neurophysiological findings about goal proximity signals in a homologous region in non-human primates. The findings of the second study imply that brain regions associated with general cognitive control processes are modulated by previous effort investment. Furthermore, we found the posterior lateral prefrontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex to be involved in coding for the effort-based context of a situation. In sum, these results extend the role of the human rostral cingulate zone in outcome evaluation to the continuous updating of action values over a course of action steps based on the proximity to the expected reward. Furthermore, we tentatively suggest that previous effort investment invokes processes under the control of the executive system, and that posterior lateral prefrontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex are involved in an effort-based context representation that can be used for outcome evaluation that is dependent on the characteristics of the current situation.