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Despite advances in bioinformatics, custom scripts remain a source of difficulty, slowing workflow development and hampering reproducibility. Here, we introduce Vectools, a command-line tool-suite to reduce reliance on custom scripts and improve reproducibility by offering a wide range of common easy-to-use functions for table and vector manipulation. Vectools also offers a number of vector related functions to speed up workflow development, such as simple machine learning and common statistics functions.
Regular exercise has widespread health benefits. Fundamental to these beneficial effects is the ability of the heart to intermittently and substantially increase its performance without incurring damage, but the underlying homeostatic mechanisms are unclear. We identify the ROS-generating NADPH oxidase-4 (Nox4) as an essential regulator of exercise performance in mice. Myocardial Nox4 levels increase during acute exercise and trigger activation of the transcription factor Nrf2, with the induction of multiple endogenous antioxidants. Cardiomyocyte-specific Nox4-deficient (csNox4KO) mice display a loss of exercise-induced Nrf2 activation, cardiac oxidative stress and reduced exercise performance. Cardiomyocyte-specific Nrf2-deficient (csNrf2KO) mice exhibit similar compromised exercise capacity, with mitochondrial and cardiac dysfunction. Supplementation with an Nrf2 activator or a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant effectively restores cardiac performance and exercise capacity in csNox4KO and csNrf2KO mice respectively. The Nox4/Nrf2 axis therefore drives a hormetic response that is required for optimal cardiac mitochondrial and contractile function during physiological exercise.
Aim of the study: Hepatocyte transplantation has been discussed as an alternative to liver transplantation in selected cases of acute and chronic liver failure and metabolic diseases. Immediately after infusion of hepatocytes, hypoxia-related cell injury is inevitable. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been suggested to attenuate hypoxic damage. This study’s objective was to evaluate NAC’s protective effect in a model of hypoxia-related hepatocyte injury.
Material and methods: HepG2 cells were used as a model for hepatocytes and were cultured under standardized hypoxia or normoxia for 24 hours with or without NAC. Growth kinetics were monitored using trypan blue staining. The activation of apoptotic pathways was measured using quantitative real-time PCR for Bcl-2/Bax and p53. The proportions of vital, apoptotic and necrotic cells were verified by fluorescence activated cell sorting using annexin V-labelling. The expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) was measured indirectly using its downstream target vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A).
Results: After NAC, cell proliferation increased under both hypoxia and normoxia by 528% and 320% (p < 0.05), while VEGF-A expression decreased under normoxia by 67% and 37% (p < 0.05). Compared to cells treated without NAC under hypoxia, the Bcl-2/Bax ratio increased significantly in cells treated with NAC. This finding was confirmed by an increased number of vital cells in FACS analysis.
Conclusions: NAC protects hepatocytes from hypoxic injury and ultimately activates anti-apoptotic pathways.
An oroantral fistula (OAF) is a pathological abnormal communication between the oral cavity and the maxillary sinus which may arise as a result of failure of primary healing of an OAF, dental infections, osteomyelitis, radiation therapy, trauma, or iatrogenic complications. With the presence of a fistula, the maxillary sinus is permanently open. Microbial flora passes from the oral cavity into the maxillary sinus, and the inflammation of the sinus occurs with all potential consequences. In literature, various techniques have been proposed for closure of OAFs. Due to the heterogeneity of the data and techniques found, we opted for a narrative review to highlight the variety of techniques discussed in the literature. Techniques of particular interest include the bone sandwich with resorbable guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membrane and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) used alone as both a clot and a membrane. The great advantage of these techniques is that no donor site surgery is necessary, making the outcome valuable in terms of time savings, cost and, more importantly, less discomfort to the patient. Additionally, both bony and soft tissue closure is performed for OAF, in contrast to flaps, which are typically used for procedures in the sinus area. The reconstructed bony tissue regenerated from these techniques will also be appropriate for endosseous dental implantation.
Aim: To evaluate the occurrence and severity of enterostomy complications in newborns suffering from different intestinal disorders.
Methods: A 10-year retrospective cohort study (2008-2017) investigated newborns that underwent enterostomy formation and reversal for different intestinal disorders. Only infants less than 28 d old at the time of enterostomy creation were included in the study (corrected age was applied in the cases of preterm neonates). The patients were divided into two groups according to their underlying diseases. Group 1 included infants suffering from necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), whereas Group 2 included newborns diagnosed with intestinal disorders other than NEC, such as meconium obstruction, anorectal malformation, focal intestinal perforation, ileus, intestinal atresia and volvulus. The primary outcome measure was enterostomy-related morbidity. The data were analyzed statistically using Pearson’s χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-Test for continuous variables.
Results: In total, 76 infants met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated for enterostomy-related complications. Neither group showed significant differences regarding gender, gestational age, weight at birth or weight at enterostomy formation. Infants suffering from NEC (Group 1) were significantly older at enterostomy formation than the neonates of Group 2 [median (range), 11 (2-75) d vs 4 (1-101) d, P = 0.004)]. Significantly more ileostomies were created in Group 1 [47 (92.2%) vs 16 (64.0%), P = 0.007], whereas colostomies were performed significantly more often in Group 2 [2 (3.9%) vs 8 (32.0%), P = 0.002]. The initiation of enteral nutrition after enterostomy was significantly later in Group 1 infants than in Group 2 infants [median (range), 5 (3-13) vs 3 (1-9), P < 0.001]. The overall rate of one or more complications in patients of both groups after enterostomy formation was 80.3%, with rates of 86.3% in Group 1 and 68.0% in Group 2 (P = 0.073). Most patients suffered from two complications (23.7%). Four or more complications occurred in 21.6% of the infants in Group 1 and in 12.0% of the infants in Group 2 (P = 0.365). Following enterostomy closure, at least one complication was observed in 26.0% of the patients (30.6% in Group 1 and 16.7% in Group 2, P = 0.321). The occurrence of complications was not significantly different between neonates with NEC and infants with other intestinal disorders. 48 (65.8%) patients required no treatment or only pharmacological treatment for the complications that occurred [Clavien-Dindo-Classification (CDC) < III], while 25 (34.2%) required surgery to address the complications (CDC ≥ III). Early reversal of the enterostomy was performed significantly more often (P = 0.003) and the time to full enteral nutrition after closure was significantly longer [median (range), 7 (3-87) d vs 12 (5-93) d, P = 0.006] in infants with a CDC grading ≥ III than in infants with a CDC grading < III.
Conclusion: Complications occur in almost all infants with enterostomies. The majority of these complications are minor and do not require surgical treatment. There is a clear trend that neonates with NEC have a higher risk for developing complications than those without NEC.
kurz und kn@pp news : Nr. 44
(2018)
Einleitung: Die häufigste Komplikation nach einer totalen Thyreoidektomie ist der postoperative sekundäre Hypoparathyreoidismus. Eine Prävention dieser Komplikation wäre erstrebenswert. Nicht nur dass die Patienten unter den Symptomen (wie z.B. Kribbelparästhesien) leiden, auch der Krankenhausaufenthalt wird meist verlängert und es wird ein höherer Aufwand an diagnostischen Maßnahmen und Medikamenten in der Folge notwendig.
Um das Auftreten des sekundären Hypoparathyreoidismus einzuschränken sind schon einige Studien durchgeführt worden, die u.a. ein erhöhtes Risiko für Patienten mit einem präoperativen Vitamin D3-Defizit aufzeigten.
Der Einfluss dieses Vitamin D3-Defizits wird in der vorliegenden prospektiven, multizentrischen, randomisiert kontrollierten Studie näher untersucht. Es sollte geklärt werden, ob eine präoperative Prophylaxe mit Vitamin D3 eine Verminderung der Hypokalzämierate gegenüber einer Kontrollgruppe bewirken kann.
Da sich der sekundäre Hypoparathyreoidismus als multifaktorielles Geschehen darstellt, sind in dieser Studie weitere Risikofaktoren untersucht worden.
Zusätzlich sollten eine Veränderung der Lebensqualität und die Belastung der Patienten durch Hypoparathyreoidismus-Symptome beurteilt werden.
Material und Methoden: Im Zeitraum vom 23.07.2014 bis zum 26.10.2016 wurden 246 Patienten an sechs verschiedenen Kliniken rekrutiert. Das Durchschnittsalter der 61 Männer und 185 Frauen lag bei 49 Jahren (Min.: 22 Jahre, Max.: 81 Jahre). Alle Patienten unterzogen sich einer totalen Thyreoidektomie als Ersteingriff an der Schilddrüse.
Die Patienten wurden in zwei Gruppen randomisiert, wobei die Interventionsgruppe präoperativ über drei Tage eine Vitamin D3–Prophylaxe (0,5µg, jeweils morgens und abends) einnahm. Neben dieser Intervention wurde nicht in die standardmäßige Behandlung der Patienten eingegriffen, um eine möglichst praxisnahe Untersuchung zu gewährleisten.
Bei allen Patienten wurde präoperativ und mindestens am ersten Tag postoperativ der Serumcalcium-Wert bestimmt. Der Beobachtungszeitraum erstreckte sich über ca. 30 Tage postoperativ, in dem auch weitere Parameter untersucht wurden. U.a. wurden die Patienten gebeten den SF-36-Fragebogen nach Bullinger et al (1) und den Hypoparathyreoidismus-Fragebogen nach Bohrer et al (2) auszufüllen. Mit diesen Fragebögen sollten die empfundene Lebensqualität der Patienten und die Belastung durch Hypoparathyreoidismus-Symptome abgefragt werden.
Ergebnisse: Die Untersuchungsgruppen zeigten keinen signifikanten Unterschied in Bezug auf das Auftreten einer postoperativen Hypokalzämie. Insofern eine Hypokalzämie auftrat, konnte die Normokalzämie in der Interventionsgruppe signifikant schneller erreicht werden. Aufgrund dieses Ergebnisses konnte eine NNT für jede Klinik errechnet werden. Diese Werte ließen eine Skalierung zu, durch die jedes Klinikum für sich eine Nützlichkeit der Intervention anhand der Hypokalzämie-Rate errechnen kann.
Herausgefunden werden konnte ebenfalls, dass die Kliniken signifikant unterschiedliche Hypokalzämie-Raten aufwiesen. Je nach Hypokalzämie-Rate der Klinik bewirkte die Intervention abweichende Veränderungen (von einer Verschlechterung um 20% bis zu einer Verbesserung um 24, 6%).
Zu den signifikanten Risikofaktoren für eine postoperative Hypokalzämie zählten in dieser Studie das weibliche Geschlecht, ein relativ junges Alter (44,7 ±10,6 Jahre im Gegensatz zu 50,5 ±12 Jahre) und die intraoperative Identifizierung von mehr als drei Nebenschilddrüsen. Weiterhin zeigte sich, dass sich bei hypokalzämen Patienten der Krankenhausaufenthalt signifikant verlängerte.
Beim SF-36-Fragebogen zeigte sich ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den prä- und postoperativen Werten der Frauen. Der Belastungsscore des Hypoparathyreoidismus-Fragebogens hingegen zeigte nur bei den Frauen der Interventionsgruppe eine signifikante Verbesserung zu den präoperativen Werten.
Schlussfolgerung: Die prophylaktische Vitamin D3-Gabe präoperativ konnte zwar keine Verminderung der Hypokalzämie-Rate in der Interventionsgruppe bewirken, aber bei aufgetretener Hypokalzämie eine schnellere Erholung des Calcium-Spiegels bewirken. Die postoperative Belastung durch Hypokalzämiesymptome wurde durch die Vitamin D3-Prophylaxe von Frauen signifikant gemildert empfunden. Eine Vitamin D3-Prophylaxe ist daher empfehlenswert. Der Nutzen der Intervention steigt allerdings mit der jeweiligen institutionellen Hypokalzämie-Rate. Bemerkenswert ist, dass die Kliniken sich in vielen Parametern gleichen, aber letztlich das chirurgische Vorgehen den größten Einfluss auf die Hypokalzämie-Rate zu haben scheint und die Intervention in Form der Gabe einer Vitamin D3-Prophylaxe überlagert hat.
Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) is a well-known master regulator of hematopoietic lineages but its mechanisms of action are still not fully understood. Here, we found that RUNX1 localizes on active chromatin together with Far Upstream Binding Protein 1 (FUBP1) in human B-cell precursor lymphoblasts, and that both factors interact in the same transcriptional regulatory complex. RUNX1 and FUBP1 chromatin localization identified c-KIT as a common target gene. We characterized two regulatory regions, at +700 bp and +30 kb within the first intron of c-KIT, bound by both RUNX1 and FUBP1, and that present active histone marks. Based on these regions, we proposed a novel FUBP1 FUSE-like DNA-binding sequence on the +30 kb enhancer. We demonstrated that FUBP1 and RUNX1 cooperate for the regulation of the expression of the oncogene c-KIT. Notably, upregulation of c-KIT expression by FUBP1 and RUNX1 promotes cell proliferation and renders cells more resistant to the c-KIT inhibitor imatinib mesylate, a common therapeutic drug. These results reveal a new mechanism of action of RUNX1 that implicates FUBP1, as a facilitator, to trigger transcriptional regulation of c-KIT and to regulate cell proliferation. Deregulation of this regulatory mechanism may explain some oncogenic function of RUNX1 and FUBP1.
Acute cholecystitis – a cohort study in a real-world clinical setting (REWO study, NCT02796443)
(2018)
Background: For decades, the optimal timing of surgery for acute cholecystitis has been controversial. Recent meta-analyses and population-based studies favor early surgery. One recent large randomized trial has demonstrated that a delayed approach increases morbidity and cost compared to early surgery within 24 hours of hospital admission. Since cases of severe cholecystitis were excluded from this trial, we argue that these results do not reflect real-world clinical situations. From our point of view, these results were in contrast to the clinical experience with our patients; so, we decided to analyze critically all our patients with the null hypothesis that the patients treated with a delayed cholecystectomy after an acute cholecystitis have a similar or even better outcome than those treated with an early operative approach.
Patients and methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from all patients with cholecystectomies in the period between January 2006 and September 2015. A total of 1,723 patients were categorized into four groups: early (n=138): urgent surgery of patients with acute cholecystitis within the first 72 hours of the onset of symptoms; intermediate (n=297): surgery of patients with acute cholecystitis within an average of 10 days after the onset of symptoms; delayed (n=427): initial non-surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis with surgery performed within 6–12 weeks of the onset of symptoms; and elective (n=868): cholecystectomy within a symptom-free interval of choice in patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis without signs of acute cholecystitis.
Results: In a real-world scenario, early/intermediate cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis was associated with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality (Clavien–Dindo score) compared to a delayed approach with surgery performed 6–12 weeks after the onset of symptoms. The adjusted linear rank statistics showed a decrease in the complication score with values of 2.29 in the early group, 0.48 in the intermediate group, –0.26 in the delayed group and –2.12 in the elective group. The results translate into a continuous decrease of the complication score from early over intermediate and delayed to the elective group.
Conclusion: These results demonstrate that delayed cholecystectomy can be performed safely. In cases with severe cholecystitis, early and/or intermediate approaches still have a relatively high risk of morbidity and mortality.
Neue Therapieentwicklungen zur Behandlung von Patientinnen mit fortgeschrittenem Mammakarzinom konzentrieren sich zurzeit sowohl auf die Identifikation von Patientinnen für zielgerichtete Therapieansätze als auch auf die Weiterentwicklung von immuntherapeutischen Ansätzen. Die Datenlage zu den CDK4/6-Inhibitoren konnte vervollständigt werden und ist konsistent in dieser Klasse von Substanzen (Palbociclib, Ribociclib und Abemaciclib). Weitere Signalwege, die untersucht werden, sind der PI3K-und der AKT-Signalweg sowie verschiedene Ansatzpunkte zu deren Hemmung. Für beide Wirkmechanismen liegen auch erste Studienergebnisse vor, die vor Kurzem vorgestellt wurden. Außerdem wachsen die Erkenntnisse zu den PARP-Inhibitoren, für die auch untersucht wird, in welcher Population sie am effektivsten eingesetzt werden können. Dieser Review-Artikel soll die aktuellen Studien zusammenfassen und einen Ausblick der neuesten Entwicklungen geben.