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Le dernier livre du professeur Heribert Müller s’inscrit dans l’ample projet encyclopédique que le spécialiste de Bismarck Lothar Gall mène depuis 1988 et dont les 100 volumes retracent l’histoire de l’espace politique allemand, du Moyen Âge au XXe siècle. La crise ecclésiastique de la fin du Moyen Âge est étudiée dans une perspective à la fois synthétique et scientifique. Dans l’"Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte" (EDG), fidèle à la collection "Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte", l’analyse se déploie en trois temps. À la synthèse chronologique de faits historiques (p. 1–58), succède le commentaire historiographique des principaux travaux de recherche (p. 59–123); enfin, la bibliographie thématique rassemble les sources éditées et les principaux ouvrages cités (p. 125–152). Le cheminement du lecteur dans l’ouvrage est facilité par des rubriques marginales et un triple index (p. 153–163). Que chacune des trois parties suive, à quelques nuances près, le même plan permet de faire une lecture transversale du livre. L’auteur paraît y inciter, qui émaille la synthèse historique de quelques remarques historiographiques. Dans le paysage éditorial français, la collection "Nouvelle Clio", publiée aux Presses universitaires de France depuis 1966, suit la même orientation synthétique et scientifique, qui s’avère précieuse pour les étudiants comme pour les spécialistes. Mais à la différence des manuels français, les volumes de l’"EDG" forment, grâce au travail d’édition et au soin apporté à la mise en page, de véritables essais
Selbst Spezialisten der Geschichte des Basler Konzils (1431–1449) und des Herzogtums Burgund im 15. Jahrhundert dürfte Nicolas Jacquier, ein Mönch aus dem Predigerkonvent zu Dijon, allenfalls dem Namen nach bekannt sein. Kaum mehr weiß man über ihn, als dass er sich für seine Person Anfang 1433 in die Synode inkorporierte, um dort fortan – recht erstaunlich für einen Burgunder, aber auch für einen Dominikaner – radikal antirömische Positionen zu beziehen, was – nicht minder erstaunlich – den papstverbundenen Philipp den Guten keineswegs daran hinderte, ihn fast zur selben Zeit, 1435, in eine Gesandtschaft zum englischen König zu berufen, wie er auch später noch mehrfach herzogliche Missionen übernahm, so 1451 zum römisch-deutschen König, 1455 nach Ungarn und schließlich 1467 in das zur Krone Böhmen gehörende Schlesien. Gegen die Hussiten hatte der Herzog selber bereits in den zwanziger Jahren das Kreuz nehmen wollen, und vier Jahrzehnte später erschien die häretische Gefahr angesichts eines "Ketzerkönigs" Georg von Podiebrad wiederum virulent, zumal sich der Böhme mit Philipps ärgstem Gegner, Ludwig XI. von Frankreich, zu verbünden trachtete (vgl. S. 20f.). Überdies mahnten, wie ebenfalls schon in den Zwanzigern, erneut häretische Umtriebe im Süden der burgundischen Niederlande (la »vauderie« d’Arras) zu erhöhter Wachsamkeit. ...
Wenn eine ungedruckte Habilitationsschrift fast vier Jahrzehnte nach ihrer Abfassung publiziert wird, muss sie eigentlich von zwar erst spät entdecktem, doch außerordentlichem Interesse für die Fachwelt sein. Und mehr noch, hier bringt deren Herausgeber gleich eine höhere Macht ins Spiel, wenn er meint, der Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung genau 20 Jahre nach dem frühen Tod des Verfassers (1992) könne »durchaus auch als kleines Indiz für die Fügung des einzigen Herrn der Geschichte« angesehen werden (S. V). Da sei doch an die gelassen-relativierende rheinische Lebensweisheit erinnert: »Dat kann mer so, aber auch so sehen.« Für meinen Teil neigte ich schon Ende der 1970er Jahre zum zweiten »so«, als Leinweber mir freundlicherweise Auszüge seiner Arbeit in Kopie zukommen ließ, die ursprünglich in geradezu utopischem Ausgriff »Die Synoden in Italien, Deutschland und Frankreich von 1215 bis zum Tridentinum« erfassen sollte und unter solchem Titel wiederholt, auch von ihm selbst, angekündigt wurde; s. etwa Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum 4 (1972), S. 5 (dies zum Tadel des Herausgebers wegen entsprechender Zitierung u. a. durch mich, welche die tatsächliche Unkenntnis des Manuskripts offenbare; S. XVIII, Anm. 47). Damals mit einer Studie »Die Franzosen, Frankreich und das Basler Konzil (1431–1449)« (erschienen 1990), also einer Nachbarthematik, befasst, hielt ich nach Lektüre jener Auszüge eine vertiefende, insbesondere den Stand der französischen Forschung angemessen rezipierende Überarbeitung für unabdingbar, doch das Werk liegt nunmehr unverändert und damit in einer Form vor, die zudem aus dem Abstand mehrerer Dezennien recht befremdlich wirkt. ...
Oral presentation: 23rd World Congress of the World Society of Cardio-Thoracic Surgeons. Split, Croatia. 12-15 September 2013.
Background: Partial upper sternotomy (PUS) is established less invasive approach for single and double valve surgery. Reports of aortic surgery performed through PUS are rare.
Methods: The records of 52 patients undergoing primary elective surgery on the proximal aorta through PUS between 2005 and 2011 were reviewed. Patients mean age was 57 years, 35% were in NYHA Class III or IV, 59% had recent cardiac decompensation, and 17% had pulmonary hypertension. The PUS was taken down to the 4th left intercostal space in 44 patients (85%).
Results: No conversion to full sternotomy was necessary. The aortic cross-clamp, cardiopulmonary bypass and operative times averaged 136 ± 20 min., 186 ± 36 min. and 327 ± 83 min., respectively. In eight patients, the right axillary artery was cannulated for establishing cardiopulmonary bypass; the others were cannulated centrally. All patients except one received a procedure on the ascending aorta, either replacement in 30 (58%) or reduction aortoplasty in 21 (40%). Aortic root replacement was additionally performed in 31 patients (60%), including David in 20 (38%) and Ross procedure in 6 (11.5%). The aortic arch was replaced either partially in 5 (10%) or totally in 3 (6%) patients, in moderate hypothermia employing antegrade cerebral perfusion. Additional procedures, included mitral valve repair in 15 (29%) patients and coronary grafting. Ventilation time, intensive care unit and hospital stay averaged 17 ± 12 hours, 2 ± 1, and 11 ± 9 days. Chest drainage was 470 ± 380 ml/24 hours. Permanent neurologic deficit did not occur. Wound dehiscence was observed in a single patient (2%). Thirty-day and hospital mortality were not observed.
Conclusions: Less invasive surgery on the aortic root, ascending aorta and aortic arch can be performed safely and reproducibly. Potential benefits include a minimized risk of wound dehiscence and reduced postoperative bleeding. The PUS does not compromise the quality of the operation.
Background. Incomplete revascularization negatively affects survival after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Since gender and classification technique might impact outcome and reporting, we investigated their effect on revascularization patterns and mortality. Methods. A cohort of bypass patients (N = 1545, 23% women) was enrolled prospectively. The degree of revascularization was determined as mathematical difference between affected vessels upon diagnosis and number of grafts or the surgeon’s rating on the case file. Results. Although men displayed more triple-vessel disease, they obtained complete revascularization more frequently than women (85% versus 77%, P < 0.001). The two calculation methods identified analogous percentages of incompletely revascularized patients, yet there was only a 50% overlap between the two groups. Mathematically, more women, older patients, and patients with NYHA class III/IV appeared incompletely revascularized, while the surgeons identified more patients undergoing technically challenging procedures. Regardless of the definition, incompleteness was a significant risk factor for mortality in both genders (mathematical calculation: HR 2.62, 95% CI 1.76–3.89, P < 0.001; surgeon: HR 2.04, 95% CI 1.35–3.89, P = 0.001). Conclusions. Given the differences in identification patterns, we advise that the mathematical calculation be performed after-procedure in all patients regardless of the surgeons’ rating to uncover additional subjects at increased risk.
Background and Aims: In patients with advanced liver cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection antiviral therapy with peginterferon and ribavirin is feasible in selected cases only due to potentially life-threatening side effects. However, predictive factors associated with hepatic decompensation during antiviral therapy are poorly defined.
Methods: In a retrospective cohort study, 68 patients with HCV-associated liver cirrhosis (mean MELD score 9.18±2.72) were treated with peginterferon and ribavirin. Clinical events indicating hepatic decompensation (onset of ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, hospitalization) as well as laboratory data were recorded at baseline and during a follow up period of 72 weeks after initiation of antiviral therapy. To monitor long term sequelae of end stage liver disease an extended follow up for HCC development, transplantation and death was applied (240weeks, ±SD 136weeks).
Results: Eighteen patients (26.5%) achieved a sustained virologic response. During the observational period a hepatic decompensation was observed in 36.8%. Patients with hepatic decompensation had higher MELD scores (10.84 vs. 8.23, p<0.001) and higher mean bilirubin levels (26.74 vs. 14.63 µmol/l, p<0.001), as well as lower serum albumin levels (38.2 vs. 41.1 g/l, p = 0.015), mean platelets (102.64 vs. 138.95/nl, p = 0.014) and mean leukocytes (4.02 vs. 5.68/nl, p = 0.002) at baseline as compared to those without decompensation. In the multivariate analysis the MELD score remained independently associated with hepatic decompensation (OR 1.56, 1.18–2.07; p = 0.002). When the patients were grouped according to their baseline MELD scores, hepatic decompensation occurred in 22%, 59%, and 83% of patients with MELD scores of 6–9, 10–13, and >14, respectively. Baseline MELD score was significantly associated with the risk for transplantation/death (p<0.001).
Conclusions: Our data suggest that the baseline MELD score predicts the risk of hepatic decompensation during antiviral therapy and thus contributes to decision making when antiviral therapy is discussed in HCV patients with advanced liver cirrhosis.
Within the scope of the Wildlife Conservation Programme of the Botanical Society for the Nature Conservation in Hesse, a comprehensive survey was carried out of a comparatively common species, the Common Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla vulgaris). It still occurs in large populations on the nutrient poor chalk meadows of the Vorderhoen and Kuppenhoen. Other populations are known from the Wetterau and the Schluechterner Becken. A few other populations are known, but they only have a few individuals. Altogether 64 populations were recorded, five with more than 1,000 plants. The largest population, with over 50,000 individuals, is in the Weinberg nature reserve, Molzbach (near Huenfeld).
Environmental change impacts on the C- and N-cycle of European forests: a model comparison study
(2013)
Forests are important components of the greenhouse gas balance of Europe. There is considerable uncertainty about how predicted changes to climate and nitrogen deposition will perturb the carbon and nitrogen cycles of European forests and thereby alter forest growth, carbon sequestration and N2O emission. The present study aimed to quantify the carbon and nitrogen balance, including the exchange of greenhouse gases, of European forests over the period 2010–2030, with a particular emphasis on the spatial variability of change. The analysis was carried out for two tree species: European beech and Scots pine. For this purpose, four different dynamic models were used: BASFOR, DailyDayCent, INTEGRATOR and Landscape-DNDC. These models span a range from semi-empirical to complex mechanistic. Comparison of these models allowed assessment of the extent to which model predictions depended on differences in model inputs and structure. We found a European average carbon sink of 0.160 ± 0.020 kgC m−2 yr−1 (pine) and 0.138 ± 0.062 kgC m−2 yr−1 (beech) and N2O source of 0.285 ± 0.125 kgN ha−1 yr−1 (pine) and 0.575 ± 0.105 kgN ha−1 yr−1 (beech). The European average greenhouse gas potential of the carbon sink was 18 (pine) and 8 (beech) times that of the N2O source. Carbon sequestration was larger in the trees than in the soil. Carbon sequestration and forest growth were largest in central Europe and lowest in northern Sweden and Finland, N. Poland and S. Spain. No single driver was found to dominate change across Europe. Forests were found to be most sensitive to change in environmental drivers where the drivers were limiting growth, where changes were particularly large or where changes acted in concert. The models disagreed as to which environmental changes were most significant for the geographical variation in forest growth and as to which tree species showed the largest rate of carbon sequestration. Pine and beech forests were found to have differing sensitivities to environmental change, in particular the response to changes in nitrogen and precipitation, with beech forest more vulnerable to drought. There was considerable uncertainty about the geographical location of N2O emissions. Two of the models BASFOR and LandscapeDNDC had largest emissions in central Europe where nitrogen deposition and soil nitrogen were largest, whereas the two other models identified different regions with large N2O emission. N2O emissions were found to be larger from beech than pine forests and were found to be particularly sensitive to forest growth.