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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are constant by-products of aerobic life. In excess, ROS lead to cytotoxic protein aggregates, which are a hallmark of ageing in animals and linked to age-related pathologies in humans. Acylamino acid-releasing enzymes (AARE) are bifunctional serine proteases, acting on oxidized proteins. AARE are found in all domains of life, albeit under different names, such as acylpeptide hydrolase (APEH/ACPH), acylaminoacyl peptidase (AAP), or oxidized protein hydrolase (OPH). In humans, AARE malfunction is associated with age-related pathologies, while their function in plants is less clear. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of AARE genes in the plant lineage and an in-depth analysis of AARE localization and function in the moss Physcomitrella and the angiosperm Arabidopsis. AARE loss-of-function mutants have not been described for any organism so far. We generated and analysed such mutants and describe a connection between AARE function, aggregation of oxidized proteins and plant ageing, including accelerated developmental progression and reduced life span. Our findings complement similar findings in animals and humans, and suggest a unified concept of ageing may exist in different life forms.
Protein oxidation results from the reaction of amino-acid side chains with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is partly irreversible. In non-photosynthetic tissues, mitochondria are a main source of ROS, whereas plastids are the major source in photosynthetic tissues. Oxidized proteins suffer from decreased structural integrity and even loss of function, and their accumulation leads to cytotoxic aggregates. In mammals, aggregate formation correlates with aging and is linked to several age-related pathologies. Mammalian proteolytic pathways for clearance of oxidized proteins are under intensive research, while mechanistic insights into this process in plants is scarce. Acylamino acid-releasing (AARE) enzymes are ATP-independent serine proteases, presumably acting on oxidized proteins and operating in a dual exo-/endopeptidase mode. They are found in all domains of life. Here, we investigated AARE enzymes in the moss Physcomitrella and the angiosperm Arabidopsis and identified three homologous nuclear genes in Physcomitrella (PpAARE1-3) and a single nuclear gene in Arabidopsis (AtAARE). Surprisingly, we observed triple localization of the proteins AtAARE and PpAARE1 to plastids, mitochondria and the cytosol in vivo, likely conserved across the plant lineage. This represents an ATP-independent possibility for degradation of oxidized proteins in the major source organelles of ROS in plants, which is distinct to mammals. Combinatorial knockout plants and protein interaction analysis revealed specific interactions of the moss AARE isoforms and functions in progressive aging. Analysis of an AtAARE T-DNA mutant further suggests the evolutionary conservation of AARE function in age-related development.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are constant by-products of aerobic life. In excess, ROS lead to cytotoxic protein aggregates, which are a hallmark of ageing in animals and linked to age-related pathologies in humans. Acylamino acid-releasing enzymes (AARE) are bifunctional serine proteases, acting on oxidized proteins. AARE are found in all domains of life, albeit under different names, such as acylpeptide hydrolase (APEH/ACPH), acylaminoacyl peptidase (AAP), or oxidized protein hydrolase (OPH). In humans, AARE malfunction is associated with age-related pathologies, while their function in plants is less clear. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of AARE genes in the plant lineage and an in-depth analysis of AARE localization and function in the moss Physcomitrella and the angiosperm Arabidopsis. AARE loss-of-function mutants have not been described for any organism so far. We generated and analysed such mutants and describe a connection between AARE function, aggregation of oxidized proteins and plant ageing, including accelerated developmental progression and reduced life span. Our findings complement similar findings in animals and humans, and support a unified concept of ageing.
We study the direct production of the JPC=1++ charmonium state χc1(1P) in electron-positron annihilation by carrying out an energy scan around the mass of the χc1(1P). The data were collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider. An interference pattern between the signal process e+e−→χc1(1P)→γJ/ψ→γμ+μ− and the background processes e+e−→γISRJ/ψ→γISRμ+μ− and e+e−→γISRμ+μ− are observed by combining all the data samples. The χc1(1P) signal is observed with a significance of 5.1σ. This is the first observation of a C-even state directly produced in e+e− annihilation. The electronic width of the χc1(1P) resonance is determined to be Γee=(0.12+0.13−0.08) eV, which is of the same order of magnitude as theoretical calculations.
We study the direct production of the JPC=1++ charmonium state χc1(1P) in electron-positron annihilation by carrying out an energy scan around the mass of the χc1(1P). The data was collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider. An interference pattern between the signal process e+e−→χc1(1P)→γJ/ψ→γμ+μ− and the background processes e+e−→γISRJ/ψ→γISRμ+μ− and e+e−→γISRμ+μ− is observed by combining all the data samples. The χc1(1P) signal is observed with a significance of 5.1σ. This is the first observation of a C-even state directly produced in e+e− annihilation. The electronic width of the χc1(1P) resonance is determined to be Γee=(0.12+0.13−0.08) eV, which is of the same order of magnitude as theoretical calculations.
Circularization vs. eccentrification in intermediate mass ratio inspirals inside dark matter spikes
(2022)
Inspirals of an Intermediate Mass Black Hole (IMBH) and a solar mass type object will be observable by space based gravitational wave detectors such as The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). A dark matter overdensity around an IMBH - a dark matter spike - can affect the orbital evolution of the system. We consider here such Intermediate Mass Ratio Inspirals on eccentric orbits, experiencing dynamical friction of the dark matter spike. We find that by including the phase space distribution of the dark matter, the dynamical friction tends to circularize the orbit, in contrast to previous inquiries. We derive a general condition for circularization or eccentrification for any given dissipative force. In addition to the dephasing, we suggest using the circularization rate as another probe of the dark matter spike. Observing these effects would be an indicator for the particle nature of dark matter.
Using J/ψ radiative decays from 9.0 billion J/ψ events collected by the BESIII detector, we search for di-muon decays of a CP-odd light Higgs boson (A0), predicted by many new physics models beyond the Standard Model, including the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. No evidence for the CP-odd light Higgs production is found, and we set 90% confidence level upper limits on the product branching fraction B(J/ψ→γA0)×B(A0→μ+μ−) in the range of (1.2−778.0)×10−9 for 0.212≤mA0≤3.0 GeV/c2. The new measurement is a 6-7 times improvement over our previous measurement, and is also slightly better than the BaBar measurement in the low-mass region for tanβ=1.
We investigate the impact of non-Hermiticity on the thermodynamic properties of interacting fermions by examining bilinear extensions to the 3+1 dimensional SU(2)-symmetric Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model of quantum chromodynamics at finite temperature and chemical potential. The system is modified through the anti-PT-symmetric pseudoscalar bilinear ψ¯γ5ψ and the PT-symmetric pseudovector bilinear iBνψ¯γ5γνψ, introduced with a coupling g. Beyond the possibility of dynamical fermion mass generation at finite temperature and chemical potential, our findings establish model-dependent changes in the position of the chiral phase transition and the critical end-point. These are tunable with respect to g in the former case, and both g and |B|/B0 in the latter case, for both lightlike and spacelike fields. Moreover, the behavior of the quark number, entropy, pressure and energy densities signal a potential fermion or antifermion excess compared to the standard NJL model, due to the pseudoscalar and pseudovector extension respectively. In both cases regions with negative interaction measure I=ϵ−3p are found. Future indications of such behaviors in strongly interacting fermion systems, for example in the context of neutron star physics, may point toward the presence of non-Hermitian contributions. These trends provide a first indication of curious potential mechanisms for producing non-Hermitian baryon asymmetry. In addition, the formalism described in this study is expected to apply more generally to other Hamiltonians with four-fermion interactions and thus the effects of the non-Hermitian bilinears are likely to be generic.
We investigate the impact of non-Hermiticity on the thermodynamic properties of interacting fermions by examining bilinear extensions to the 3+1 dimensional SU(2)-symmetric Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model of quantum chromodynamics at finite temperature and chemical potential. The system is modified through the anti-PT-symmetric pseudoscalar bilinear ψ¯γ5ψ and the PT-symmetric pseudovector bilinear iBνψ¯γ5γνψ, introduced with a coupling g. Beyond the possibility of dynamical fermion mass generation at finite temperature and chemical potential, our findings establish model-dependent changes in the position of the chiral phase transition and the critical end-point. These are tunable with respect to g in the former case, and both g and |B|/B0 in the latter case, for both lightlike and spacelike fields. Moreover, the behavior of the quark number, entropy, pressure, and energy densities signal a potential fermion or antifermion excess compared to the standard NJL model, due to the pseudoscalar and pseudovector extension respectively. In both cases regions with negative interaction measure I=ϵ−3p are found. Future indications of such behaviors in strongly interacting fermion systems, for example in the context of neutron star physics, may point toward the presence of non-Hermitian contributions. These trends provide a first indication of curious potential mechanisms for producing non-Hermitian baryon asymmetry. In addition, the formalism described in this study is expected to apply more generally to other Hamiltonians with four-fermion interactions and thus the effects of the non-Hermitian bilinears are likely to be generic.
Based on electron-positron collision data collected with the BESIII detector operating at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider II storage rings, the value of R≡σ(e+e−→hadrons)/σ(e+e−→μ+μ−) is measured at 14 center-of-mass energies from 2.2324 to 3.6710 GeV. The resulting uncertainties are less than 3.0%, and are dominated by systematic uncertainties.