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Nicht zu vergessende Moleküle ... : flexibles "Networking" von Nervenzellen formt das Gedächtnis
(2009)
Ein funktionierendes Gedächtnis beruht darauf, dass die Kontakte zwischen den Milliarden Nervenzellen in unserem Gehirn sich ständig verändern und anpassen. Häufig verwendete Signalwege werden verstärkt und ausgebaut, wie eine Landstraße zu einer Schnellstraße. Weniger häufig benutze Signalwege können dagegen abgebaut werden. Die Signalübertragung verlangsamt sich wie der Verkehr auf einer lange nicht mehr instand gehaltenen Straße. Will man diese Prozesse auf molekularer Ebene verstehen, muss man die Synapsen näher betrachten. Das sind spezialisierte Kontaktstellen, die es den Nervenzellen ermöglichen, hochkomplexe Netzwerke, sogenannte Schaltkreise, zu knüpfen. Die Flexibilität dieser Schaltkreise ermöglicht es uns, Informationen zu verarbeiten und entsprechend zu reagieren. Inzwischen kennt man eine Fülle von Boten-Molekülen, Rezeptoren und Liganden, die diese Prozesse auf molekularer Ebene steuern.
The title compound, C16H14N4, features an aromatic ring with two 2,2´-dicyanopropyl residues in positions 1 and 3, which are located above and below the ring plane. The two residues differ in their conformation with respect to the aromatic ring: whereas one of the Cmethyl-C-Cmethylene-Caromatic torsion angles is gauche [68.93 (12)°], the other one is fully staggered [177.63 (9)°]. The crystal structure is stabilized by C-H...N hydrogen-bonding interactions. Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 173 K; mean σ(C–C) = 0.002 Å; R factor = 0.037; wR factor = 0.101; data-to-parameter ratio = 15.0.
The objective of this paper is to test the hypothesis that in particular financially constrained firms lease a higher share of their assets to mitigate problems of asymmetric information. The assumptions are tested under a GMM framework which simultaneously controls for endogeneity problems and firms' fixed effects. We find that the share of total annual lease expenses attributable to either finance or operating leases is considerably higher for smaller firms with higher average interest rates and high-growth firms - those likely to face higher agency-cost premiums on marginal financing. Furthermore, our results confirm the substitution of leasing and debt financing for lessee firms. However, we find no evidence that firms use leasing as an instrument to reduce their tax burdens. Keywords: Leasing, financial constraints, asymmetric information, GMM JEL Classifications: D23, D92, C23
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit Verletzungen im leistungsorientierten Kanusport. Deutsche Kanusportler der Disziplinen Rennsport, Slalomsport und Wildwasserabfahrt, unterteilt in die Kategorien Kajak und Kanadier, sollten die Verletzungen der letzten 4 Jahren vor dem Befragungszeitraum 2005 bis 2006 angeben. Ziel war es herauszufinden, welche Verletzungen für jede Kategorie und Disziplin sportarttypisch waren, ob es Unterschiede zwischen den Kategorien und Disziplinen gab, welche trainierte (Begleit-)Sportart die höchste Verletzungsrate hatte und welche endogenen und psychosozialen Faktoren Einfluss auf die Verletzungen hatten. Zu den häufigsten Verletzungen im leistungsorientierten Kanusport zählten die Handgelenkschmerzen, Blasen- und Hornhautbildung an Händen und Füßen, Schulterschmerzen, insbesondere das subakromiale Impingementsyndrom, Blockierungen der Brust- und Halswirbelsäule, Schmerzen im Lendenwirbelsäulenbereich, Dysästhesien der Beine, Knieschmerzen, Muskelkrämpfe, Muskelverspannungen und Muskel- und Sehnenverkürzungen. An Blasenbildung und Hornhautbildung an den Händen sowie Muskelverspannung litten die meisten Sportler aller Kategorien und Disziplinen. Die meisten Sportler der Kajakkategorien litten an Schulterschmerzen, Handgelenkschmerzen und Dysästhesien der Beine. Knieschmerzen und Schmerzen in der Lendenwirbelsäule erlitten die meisten Sportler im Kajak Renn- und Abfahrtssport. Hornhautbildung an den Füßen betraf überwiegend die Kajak-, Renn- und Slalomsportler. Blockierungen im Bereich der Hals- und Brustwirbelsäule sowie das subakromiale Impingementsyndrom erlitten nur mehr als 25% der Kajak Rennsportler. Die meisten Sportler aller Kanadierkategorien klagten über Knieschmerzen. Dysästhesien der Beine und Muskelkrämpfe gaben die meisten Kanadiersportler in den Disziplinen Slalom und Abfahrt an. Von Handgelenkschmerzen waren überwiegend nur die Kanadierrennsportler betroffen. Die Kanadierslalomsportler gaben Schulterschmerzen und Muskel-/Sehnenverkürzung an. Die Arbeit ergab, dass die meisten Verletzungen im Rahmen des Kanu- und Krafttrainings erlitten wurden. Die wenigsten Verletzungen passierten beim Training auf dem Kanuergometer. Dies lag unter anderem auch am geringen Anteil des Kanuergometertrainings am Gesamttraining. Die Sportler stellten die Verletzungen überwiegend mit den endogenen Faktoren Übermüdung, mangelndes Warm-up und fehlerhafte Technik in Zusammenhang. Psychosoziale Faktoren konnten die meisten Sportler nicht in Zusammenhang mit Verletzungen bringen. Einige Sportler gaben hierzu jedoch sozialen Stress und Wettkampfstress an.
Antibodies to citrulline-modifi ed proteins have a high diagnostic value in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, their biological role in disease development is still unclear. To obtain insight into this question, a panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies was generated against a major triple helical collagen type II (CII) epitope (position 359 – 369; ARGLTGRPGDA) with or without arginines modifi ed by citrullination. These antibodies bind cartilage and synovial tissue, and mediate arthritis in mice. Detection of citrullinated CII from RA patients ’ synovial fl uid demonstrates that cartilage-derived CII is indeed citrullinated in vivo. The structure determination of a Fab fragment of one of these antibodies in complex with a citrullinated peptide showed a surprising beta -turn conformation of the peptide and provided information on citrulline recognition. Based on these findings, we propose that autoimmunity to CII, leading to the production of antibodies specific for both native and citrullinated CII, is an important pathogenic factor in the development of RA.
Adamantane-1-thioamide
(2009)
The title compound, C11H17NS, is an important intermediate for the synthesis of biologically active adamantlythiazolo-oxadiazoles. The adamantyl residue is disordered about a twofold rotation axis over two sites with site-occupation factors of 0.817 (3) and 0.183 (3). The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular N-H...S hydrogen-bonding interactions. Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 173 K; mean &963;(C–C) = 0.002 Å; disorder in main residue; R factor = 0.038; wR factor = 0.103; data-to-parameter ratio = 12.3.
Tema je ovoga rada raščlamba kategorije prijelaznosti u hrvatskim gramatikama. Pri raščlambi je proučen odnos subjekta i (auto)objekta. Prikazan je način na koji je prijelaznost opisana u gramatikama te su obrađena ova pitanja: Kako prijelazni glagoli mogu postati neprijelazni i što se događa s njihovim značenjem? Kako gramatike dijele glagole prema prijelaznosti? Kako se tumači neprava povratnost? Što znači da radnja proizlazi sama od sebe? Na koji je način moguća dodatna interpretacija prijelaznosti kod pravih povratnih glagola s obzirom na razine proučavanja?
Waldlaubsänger
(2009)
Conta-se que no século 18, um médico Vianés, ganhou fama por ter criado, o que se denominava na altura, por frenologia, um ramo do saber que, em vão, procurava determinar o carácter, as características da personalidade e os níveis de criminalidade de uma pessoa com o simples apalpar da cabeça e através da "leitura" das suas protuberâncias. A sua fama, ao chegar aos ouvidos do imperador, levou a que este o convidasse e lhe pedisse um exame a fim de ver como ele e os seus súbditos estavam nestes aspectos. Franz Joseph Gall, como se chamava o dito médico, assim que ia apalpando a cabeça do soberano e dos seus capangas mais entrava em pânico. Como iria dizer-lhes que as protuberâncias lhe diziam que estava diante dos maiores criminosos da história, e logo a eles os governantes da Áustria? O caso angolagate, talvez também me interesse por isso.
This paper analyses the regulatory framework which applies to the determination of directors’ remuneration in Europe and examines the extent to which European firms follow best practices in corporate governance in this area, drawing on an empirical analysis of the governance systems that European firms adopt in setting remuneration and, in particular, on an empirical assessment of their diverging approaches to disclosure. These divergences persist despite recent reforms. After an examination of the link between optimal remuneration, corporate governance and regulation and an assessment of how regulatory reform has evolved in this area, the paper provides an overview of national laws and best practice corporate governance recommendations across the Member States, following the adoption of the important EC Recommendations on directors’ remuneration and on the role of non-executive directors in 2004 and 2005, respectively. This overview is largely based on the answers to questionnaires sent to legal experts from seventeen European Member States. The paper also provides an empirical analysis of governance practices and, in particular, firm disclosure of directors’ remuneration in Europe’s largest 300 listed firms by market capitalisation. The paper reveals that, notwithstanding a swathe of reforms across the Member States in recent years and related harmonisation efforts, disclosure levels still vary from country to country and are strongly dependent on the existence of regulations and best practice guidelines in the firm’s home Member State. Convergence in disclosure practices is not strong; only a few basic standards are followed by the majority of the firms examined and there is strong divergence with respect to most of the criteria considered in the study. Consistent with previous research, our study reveals clear differences not only with respect to remuneration disclosure, but also with respect to shareholder engagement and the board’s role in the remuneration process and in setting remuneration guidelines. Ownership structures still ‘matter’; these divergences tend to follow different corporate governance systems and, in particular, the dispersed ownership/block-holding ownership divide. They do not appear to have been smoothed since the EC Company Law Action Plan was launched and notwithstanding the harmonisation that has been attempted in this field. Keywords: Directors’ remuneration, corporate governance, disclosure, European regulation JEL Classifications: G30, G38, J33, K22, M52