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Hybrid robust deep and shallow semantic processing for creativity support in document production
(2004)
The research performed in the DeepThought project (http://www.project-deepthought.net) aims at demonstrating the potential of deep linguistic processing if added to existing shallow methods that ensure robustness. Classical information retrieval is extended by high precision concept indexing and relation detection. We use this approach to demonstrate the feasibility of three ambitious applications, one of which is a tool for creativity support in document production and collective brainstorming. This application is described in detail in this paper. Common to all three applications, and the basis for their development is a platform for integrated linguistic processing. This platform is based on a generic software architecture that combines multiple NLP components and on robust minimal recursive semantics (RMRS) as a uniform representation language.
Syntactic coindexing restrictions are by now known to be of central importance to practical anaphor resolution approaches. Since, in particular due to structural ambiguity, the assumption of the availability of a unique syntactic reading proves to be unrealistic, robust anaphor resolution relies on techniques to overcome this deficiency. In this paper, two approaches are presented which generalize the verification of coindexing constraints to de cient descriptions. At first, a partly heuristic method is described, which has been implemented. Secondly, a provable complete method is specified. It provides the means to exploit the results of anaphor resolution for a further structural disambiguation. By rendering possible a parallel processing model, this method exhibits, in a general sense, a higher degree of robustness. As a practically optimal solution, a combination of the two approaches is suggested.
An anaphor resolution algorithm is presented which relies on a combination of strategies for narrowing down and selecting from antecedent sets for re exive pronouns, nonre exive pronouns, and common nouns. The work focuses on syntactic restrictions which are derived from Chomsky's Binding Theory. It is discussed how these constraints can be incorporated adequately in an anaphor resolution algorithm. Moreover, by showing that pragmatic inferences may be necessary, the limits of syntactic restrictions are elucidated.
Im Zeitalter der ständig wachsenden Mobilitätsanforderungen kommt dem flexiblen, dezentralen Zugriff auf Datenbestände aller Art eine immer größere Bedeutung zu. Steht ein Zugang via Internet nicht zur Verfügung, so bietet sich als Alternative die Verwendung eines Mobiltelefons an. Auf der Grundlage des WAP-Protokolls konnen elementare grafische Zugriffsschnittstellen geschaffen werden; deren Möglichkeiten sind jedoch begrenzt: Im Vergleich zu stationären Computerterminals ist die Displaygröße i.d.R. gering; entsprchend aufwändig verlauft das Browsing. Die gegenwärtige Technologie verfügt über eine geringe Bandbreite. die Navigation über Tasten wird vom Benutzer als umständlich empfunden. Es gibt Einsatzkontexte, die eine tastaturbasierte Interaktion a priori ausschließen. Als Alternative bieten sich gesprochensprachige Schnittstellen an, in denen der Benutzer einen Mensch-Maschine-Dialog mit einem telefonbasierten Sprachportal führt. Die Grundlage derartiger Anwendungen bietet Hardware- bzw. Software-Technologie zu Computer-Telefonie-Integration, Spracherkennung, Sprachsynthese. Mit diesen technologischen Basiskomponenten alleine ist es jedoch noch nicht getan: In Abhängigkeit von den spezifischen Erfordernissen der jeweiligen Anwendung sind geeignete Vorgaben zu spezifizieren, die den Computer in die Lage versetzen, den Dialog mit seinem menschlichen Gegenüber in problemadaquater Weise zu führen. Wichtige Anforderungen sind: Natürlichkeit: Ausgestaltung der sprachlichen Interaktion in einer Weise, die den Erwartungen des Anwenders hinsichtlich des jeweiligen Anwendungsfalls entsprechen; Flexibilität: Anpassung an die Eigenarten des jeweiligen Nutzers (Novize oder geübter Anwender etc.); 2 Robustheit: geeignetes Handling von Missverständnissen, unvollständigem Benutzer-Input sowie Unzulänglichkeiten der maschinellen Sprachverarbeitung (insbesondere Fehler in der Spracherkennung) etc. Formale Spezifikationen des maschinellen Dialogverhaltens werden als Dialogmodelle bezeichnet. Hinsichtlich der generischen Wiederverwendbarkeit der Dialogsoftware ist es sinnvoll, derartige Beschreibungen in einem standardisierten Formalismus, einer Dialogmodellierungssprache abzufassen, die sich somit in erster Näherung als eine "Programmiersprache" für eine generische Dialogmaschine auffassen lässt. Folglich stellt sich die Frage, wie eine geeignete Dialogmodellierungssprache aussehen könnte. In Bezug auf webbasierte Sprachportale wurde vom W3C die XML-basierte Dialogmodellierungssprache VoiceXML als Standardisierungsvorschlag erarbeitet ([7]). Im vorliegenden Dokument sollen zunächst Reichweite und Grenzen der Sprache VoiceXML evaluiert werden. Auf der Grundlage der Evaluation sollen strategischen Empfehlungen fur Unternehmen abgeleitet werden, die sich als Anwendungsentwickler auf dem Innovationsmarkt der telefonbasierten Sprachportale betätigen wollen. Die zentralen Fragen lauten: 1. Welches sind die zentralen Probleme der Entwicklung telefonbasierter Sprachportale? 2. Inwieweit löst VoiceXML diese Probleme? 3. Inwiefern lohnt es sich somit, (z.B. zwecks Herausbildung eines Alleinstellungsmerkmals) auf die Technologie VoiceXML zu setzen? 4. Welche Alternativen existieren? In welchen anderen Bereichen sollte man ggf. Kernkompetenzen herausbilden?
In the last years, much effort went into the design of robust anaphor resolution algorithms. Many algorithms are based on antecedent filtering and preference strategies that are manually designed. Along a different line of research, corpus-based approaches have been investigated that employ machine-learning techniques for deriving strategies automatically. Since the knowledge-engineering effort for designing and optimizing the strategies is reduced, the latter approaches are considered particularly attractive. Since, however, the hand-coding of robust antecedent filtering strategies such as syntactic disjoint reference and agreement in person, number, and gender constitutes a once-for-all effort, the question arises whether at all they should be derived automatically. In this paper, it is investigated what might be gained by combining the best of two worlds: designing the universally valid antecedent filtering strategies manually, in a once-for-all fashion, and deriving the (potentially genre-specific) antecedent selection strategies automatically by applying machine-learning techniques. An anaphor resolution system ROSANA-ML, which follows this paradigm, is designed and implemented. Through a series of formal evaluations, it is shown that, while exhibiting additional advantages, ROSANAML reaches a performance level that compares with the performance of its manually designed ancestor ROSANA.
The two papers included in this volume have developed from work with the CHILDES tools and the Media Editor in the two research projects, "Second language acquisition of German by Russian learners", sponsored by the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, from 1998 to 1999 (directed by Ursula Stephany, University of Cologne, and Wolfgang Klein, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen) and "The age factor in the acquisition of German as a second language", sponsored by the German Science Foundation (DFG), Bonn, since 2000 (directed by Ursula Stephany, University of Cologne, and Christine Dimroth, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen). The CHILDES Project has been developed and is being continuously improved at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, under the supervision of Brian MacWhinney. Having used the CHILDES tools for more than ten years for transcribing and analyzing Greek child data there it was no question that I would also use them for research into the acquisition of German as a second language and analyze the big amount of spontaneous speech gathered from two Russian girls with the help of the CLAN programs. When in the spring of 1997, Steven Gillis from the University of Antwerp (in collaboration with Gert Durieux) developed a lexicon-based automatic coding system based on the CLAN program MOR and suitable for coding languages with richer morphologies than English, such as Modern Greek. Coding huge amounts of data then became much quicker and more comfortable so that I decided to adopt this system for German as well. The paper "Working with the CHILDES Tools" is based on two earlier manuscripts which have grown out of my research on Greek child language and the many CHILDES workshops taught in Germany, Greece, Portugal, and Brazil over the years. Its contents have now been adapted to the requirements of research into the acquisition of German as a second language and for use on Windows.
The Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES) consists of Codes for the Human Analysis of Transcripts (CHAT), Computerized Language Analysis (CLAN), and a database. There is also an online manual which includes the CHILDES bibliography, the database, and the CHAT conventions as well as the CLAN instructions. The first three parts of this paper concern the CHAT format of transcription, grammatical coding, and analyzing transcripts by using the CLAN programs. The fourth part shows examples of transcribed and coded data.