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In the late seventies, Bernard Comrie was one of the first linguists to explore the effects of the referential hierarchy (RH) on the distribution of grammatical relations (GRs). The referential hierarchy is also known in the literature as the animacy, empathy or indexibability hierarchy and ranks speech act participants (i.e. first and second person) above third persons, animates above inanimates, or more topical referents above less topical referents. Depending on the language, the hierarchy is sometimes extended by analogy to rankings of possessors above possessees, singulars above plurals, or other notions. In his 1981 textbook, Comrie analyzed RH effects as explaining (a) differential case (or adposition) marking of transitive subject ("A") noun phrases in low RH positions (e.g. inanimate or third person) and of object ("P") noun phrases in high RH positions (e.g. animate or first or second person), and (b) hierarchical verb agreement coupled with a direct vs. inverse distinction, as in Algonquian (Comrie 1981: Chapter 6).
On the role of syntactic locality in morphological processes : the case of (Greek) derived nominals
(2008)
The paper is structured as follows. In section 2, I briefly summarize the facts on English and Greek nominalizations. In section 3, I discuss English nominal derivation in some detail. In section 4, I turn to the question of licensing of AS in nominals. In section 5, I turn to the issue of the optionality of licensing of AS in the nominal system.
This paper investigates the relation between TT-MCTAG, a formalism used in computational linguistics, and RCG. RCGs are known to describe exactly the class PTIME; simple RCG even have been shown to be equivalent to linear context-free rewriting systems, i.e., to be mildly context-sensitive. TT-MCTAG has been proposed to model free word order languages. In general, it is NP-complete. In this paper, we will put an additional limitation on the derivations licensed in TT-MCTAG. We show that TT-MCTAG with this additional limitation can be transformed into equivalent simple RCGs. This result is interesting for theoretical reasons (since it shows that TT-MCTAG in this limited form is mildly context-sensitive) and, furthermore, even for practical reasons: We use the proposed transformation from TT-MCTAG to RCG in an actual parser that we have implemented.
This paper deals with the variable position of adjectives in the Romanian DP. As all other Romance languages, Romanian allows for adjectives to appear in both prenominal and post-nominal position. In addition, however, Romanian has a third pattern: the so-called cel construction, in which the adjective in the post-nominal position is preceded by a determiner-like element, cel. This pattern is superficially similar to Determiner Spreading in Greek. In this paper we contrast the cel construction to Greek DS and discuss the similarities and differences between the two. We then present an analysis of cel as involving an appositive specification clause, building on de Vries (2002). We argue that the same structure is also involved in the context of nominal ellipsis, the second environment in which cel is found.
The problem of vocalization, or diacritization, is essential to many tasks in Arabic NLP. Arabic is generally written without the short vowels, which leads to one written form having several pronunciations with each pronunciation carrying its own meaning(s). In the experiments reported here, we define vocalization as a classification problem in which we decide for each character in the unvocalized word whether it is followed by a short vowel. We investigate the importance of different types of context. Our results show that the combination of using memory-based learning with only a word internal context leads to a word error rate of 6.64%. If a lexical context is added, the results deteriorate slowly.
How to compare treebanks
(2008)
Recent years have seen an increasing interest in developing standards for linguistic annotation, with a focus on the interoperability of the resources. This effort, however, requires a profound knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of linguistic annotation schemes in order to avoid importing the flaws and weaknesses of existing encoding schemes into the new standards. This paper addresses the question how to compare syntactically annotated corpora and gain insights into the usefulness of specific design decisions. We present an exhaustive evaluation of two German treebanks with crucially different encoding schemes. We evaluate three different parsers trained on the two treebanks and compare results using EVALB, the Leaf-Ancestor metric, and a dependency-based evaluation. Furthermore, we present TePaCoC, a new testsuite for the evaluation of parsers on complex German grammatical constructions. The testsuite provides a well thought-out error classification, which enables us to compare parser output for parsers trained on treebanks with different encoding schemes and provides interesting insights into the impact of treebank annotation schemes on specific constructions like PP attachment or non-constituent coordination.
Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht, am Leitfaden der Scham einen Zugang zu Agambens Theorie der Subjektivität zu gewinnen, um die theoretischen und historischen Voraussetzungen seiner Ethik einer Prüfung zu unterziehen, die zugleich an die Kritik Thomäs anschließen kann. Den Ausgangspunkt der folgenden Überlegungen bietet Agambens Untersuchung zum 'homo sacer'. In einem zweiten Schritt geht es um die Theorie der Scham, die "Was von Auschwitz bleibt" vorlegt. Die kritische Diskussion von Agambens Ethik leitet die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Gewährsmann ein, den "Was von Auschwitz bleibt präsentiert", mit Primo Levi. Sie wird weitergeführt und zugespitzt durch die Überbietung, die Levis' Frage "Ist das ein Mensch?" in Imre Kertész' "Roman eines Schicksallosen" gefunden hat. Vor dem Hintergrund der zentralen Bedeutung der Scham bei Primo Levi und Imre Kertécs kehrt der letzte Teil zu Agambens Ethik zurück, um deren Grundlagen im Rückgriff auf Aristoteles einer Revision zu unterziehen.
TT-MCTAG lets one abstract away from the relative order of co-complements in the final derived tree, which is more appropriate than classic TAG when dealing with flexible word order in German. In this paper, we present the analyses for sentential complements, i.e., wh-extraction, thatcomplementation and bridging, and we work out the crucial differences between these and respective accounts in XTAG (for English) and V-TAG (for German).
Die Sprachen der Städte
(2008)
Die frühen Sprachkarten, für die Georg Wenker Ende des 19. Jh. in über 40.000 Schulorten des deutschen Reiches schriftliche Übersetzungen in die Mundart gesammelt hatte, dokumentieren die Sonderstellung vieler Städte im sprachlichen Raum. Zum Beispiel zeigen Berlin und die nähere Umgebung sprachliche Formen, die sonst erst weiter südlich oder in der Schriftsprache gelten.
Un titolo quale "Dialettica negativa e antropologia negativa" sembrerebbe preannunciare un lavoro di confronto tra Th. W. Adorno e Ulrich Sonnemann, sulla scia di una indicazione mutuata dalla "Introduzione" di "Dialettica negativa" (1966). E invece, disattendendo una simile aspettativa, la "Negative Anthropologie" cui ci si riferisce in questo saggio è quella di Günther Stern/Anders. L’idea di un confronto tra le due prospettive nasce dalla curiosità di capire la corrispondenza tra la "dialettica negativa" e l'"antropologia negativa", laddove con il secondo sintagma si intende la concezione andersiana di un'umanità inadeguata al mondo. Che poi non si tratti di una stranezza ma di un interrogativo legittimo lo conferma, indirettamente, lo stesso Adorno, che in una nota contenuta nella sezione della "Dialettica negativa" dedicata alla lettura del pensiero di Heidegger, chiama in causa proprio la lezione di Anders.