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We revisit the role of time in measuring the price impact of trades using a new empirical method that combines spread decomposition and dynamic duration modeling. Previous studies which have addressed the issue in a vector-autoregressive framework conclude that times when markets are most active are times when there is an increased presence of informed trading. Our empirical analysis based on recent European and U.S. data offers challenging new evidence. We find that as trade intensity increases, the informativeness of trades tends to decrease. This result is consistent with the predictions of Admati and Pfleiderer’s (1988) rational expectations model, and also with models of dynamic trading like those proposed by Parlour (1998) and Foucault (1999). Our results cast doubt on the common wisdom that fast markets bear particularly high adverse selection risks for uninformed market participants. JEL Classification: G10, C32 Keywords: Price Impact of Trades, Trading Intensity, Dynamic Duration Models, Spread Decomposition Models, Adverse Selection Risk
We present an intertemporal consumption model of consumer investment in financial literacy. Consumers benefit from such investment because their stock of financial literacy allows them to increase the returns on their wealth. Since literacy depreciates over time and has a cost in terms of current consumption, the model determines an optimal investment in literacy. The model shows that financial literacy and wealth are determined jointly, and are positively correlated over the life cycle. Empirically, the model leads to an instrumental variables approach, in which the initial stock of financial literacy (as measured by math performance in school) is used as an instrument for the current stock of literacy. Using microeconomic and aggregate data, we find a strong effect of financial literacy on wealth accumulation and national saving, and also show that ordinary least squares estimates underestate the impact of financial literacy on saving. JEL Classification: E2, D8, G1, J24 Keywords: Financial Literacy, Cognitive Abilities, Human Capital, Saving
We analytically show that a common across rich/poor individuals Stone-Geary utility function with subsistence consumption in the context of a simple two-asset portfolio-choice model is capable of qualitatively and quantitatively explaining: (i) the higher saving rates of the rich, (ii) the higher fraction of personal wealth held in risky assets by the rich, and (iii) the higher volatility of consumption of the wealthier. On the contrary, time-variant “keeping-up-with-the-Joneses” weighted average consumption which plays the role of moving benchmark subsistence consumption gives the same portfolio composition and saving rates across the rich and the poor, failing to reconcile the model with what micro data say. JEL Classification: G11, D91, E21, D81, D14, D11
Background: The interferon-inducible immunity-related GTPases (IRG proteins/p47 GTPases) are a distinctive family of GTPases that function as powerful cell-autonomous resistance factors. The IRG protein, Irga6 (IIGP1), participates in the disruption of the vacuolar membrane surrounding the intracellular parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, through which it communicates with its cellular hosts. Some aspects of the protein's behaviour have suggested a dynamin-like molecular mode of action, in that the energy released by GTP hydrolysis is transduced into mechanical work that results in deformation and ultimately rupture of the vacuolar membrane. Results: Irga6 forms GTP-dependent oligomers in vitro and thereby activates hydrolysis of the GTP substrate. In this study we define the catalytic G-domain interface by mutagenesis and present a structural model, of how GTP hydrolysis is activated in Irga6 complexes, based on the substrate-twinning reaction mechanism of the signal recognition particle (SRP) and its receptor (SRalpha). In conformity with this model, we show that the bound nucleotide is part of the catalytic interface and that the 3'hydroxyl of the GTP ribose bound to each subunit is essential for trans-activation of hydrolysis of the GTP bound to the other subunit. We show that both positive and negative regulatory interactions between IRG proteins occur via the catalytic interface. Furthermore, mutations that disrupt the catalytic interface also prevent Irga6 from accumulating on the parasitophorous vacuole membrane of T. gondii, showing that GTP-dependent Irga6 activation is an essential component of the resistance mechanism. Conclusions: The catalytic interface of Irga6 defined in the present experiments can probably be used as a paradigm for the nucleotide-dependent interactions of all members of the large family of IRG GTPases, both activating and regulatory. Understanding the activation mechanism of Irga6 will help to explain the mechanism by which IRG proteins exercise their resistance function. We find no support from sequence or G-domain structure for the idea that IRG proteins and the SRP GTPases have a common phylogenetic origin. It therefore seems probable, if surprising, that the substrate-assisted catalytic mechanism has been independently evolved in the two protein families.
Background: Although being considered as a rarely observed HIV-1 protease mutation in clinical isolates, the L76V-prevalence increased 1998-2008 in some European countries most likely due to the approval of Lopinavir, Amprenavir and Darunavir which can select L76V. Beside an enhancement of resistance, L76V is also discussed to confer hypersusceptibility to the drugs Atazanavir and Saquinavir which might enable new treatment strategies by trying to take advantage of particular mutations. Results: Based on a cohort of 47 L76V-positive patients, we examined if there might exist a clinical advantage for L76V-positive patients concerning long-term success of PI-containing regimens in patients with limited therapy options. Genotypic- and phenotypic HIV-resistance tests from 47 mostly multi-resistant, L76V-positive patients throughout Germany were accomplished retrospectively 1999-2009. Five genotype-based drug-susceptibility predictions received from online interpretation-tools for Atazanavir, Saquinavir, Amprenavir and Lopinavir, were compared to phenotype-based predictions that were determined by using a recombinant virus assay along with a Virtual Phenotype™(Virco). The clinical outcome of the L76V-adapted follow-up therapy was determined by monitoring viral load for 96 weeks. Conclusions: In this analysis, the mostly used interpretation systems overestimated the L76V-mutation concerning Atazanavir- and SQV resistance. In fact, a clear benefit in drug susceptibility for these drugs was observed in phenotype analysis after establishment of L76V. More importantly, long-term therapy success was significantly higher in patients receiving Atazanavir and/or Saquinavir plus one L76V-selecting drug compared to patients without L76V-selecting agents (p = 0.002). In case of L76V-occurrence ATV and/or SQV may represent encouraging options for patients in deep salvage situations.
Background: The combination of high-throughput transcript profiling and next-generation sequencing technologies is a prerequisite for genome-wide comprehensive transcriptome analysis. Our recent innovation of deepSuperSAGE is based on an advanced SuperSAGE protocol and its combination with massively parallel pyrosequencing on Roche's 454 sequencing platform. As a demonstration of the power of this combination, we have chosen the salt stress transcriptomes of roots and nodules of the third most important legume crop chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). While our report is more technology-oriented, it nevertheless addresses a major world-wide problem for crops generally: high salinity. Together with low temperatures and water stress, high salinity is responsible for crop losses of millions of tons of various legume (and other) crops. Continuously deteriorating environmental conditions will combine with salinity stress to further compromise crop yields. As a good example for such stress-exposed crop plants, we started to characterize salt stress responses of chickpeas on the transcriptome level. Results: We used deepSuperSAGE to detect early global transcriptome changes in salt-stressed chickpea. The salt stress responses of 86,919 transcripts representing 17,918 unique 26bp deepSuperSAGE tags (UniTags) from roots of the salt-tolerant variety INRAT-93 two hours after treatment with 25 mM NaCl were characterized. Additionally, the expression of 57,281 transcripts representing 13,115 UniTags was monitored in nodules of the same plants. From a total of 144,200 analyzed 26bp tags in roots and nodules together, 21,401 unique transcripts were identified. Of these, only 363 and 106 specific transcripts, respectively, were commonly up- or down-regulated (>3.0-fold) under salt stress in both organs, witnessing a differential organ-specific response to stress. Profiting from recent pioneer works on massive cDNA sequencing in chickpea, more than 9,400 UniTags were able to be linked to UniProt entries. Additionally, gene ontology (GO) categories over-representation analysis enabled to filter out enriched biological processes among the differentially expressed UniTags. Subsequently, the gathered information was further cross-checked with stress-related pathways. From several filtered pathways, here we focus exemplarily on transcripts associated with the generation and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as on transcripts involved in Na+ homeostasis. Although both processes are already very well characterized in other plants, the information generated in the present work is of high value. Information on expression profiles and sequence similarity for several hundreds of transcripts of potential interest is now available. Conclusions: This report demonstrates, that the combination of the high-throughput transcriptome profiling technology SuperSAGE with one of the next-generation sequencing platforms allows deep insights into the first molecular reactions of a plant exposed to salinity. Cross validation with recent reports enriched the information about the salt stress dynamics of more than 9,000 chickpea ESTs, and enlarged their pool of alternative transcripts isoforms. As an example for the high resolution of the employed technology that we coin deepSuperSAGE, we demonstrate that ROS-scavenging and -generating pathways undergo strong global transcriptome changes in chickpea roots and nodules already 2 hours after onset of moderate salt stress (25mM NaCl). Additionally, a set of more than 15 candidate transcripts are proposed to be potential components of the salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway in chickpea. Newly identified transcript isoforms are potential targets for breeding novel cultivars with high salinity tolerance. We demonstrate that these targets can be integrated into breeding schemes by micro-arrays and RT-PCR assays downstream of the generation of 26bp tags by SuperSAGE.
Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) of complex infected wounds has recently gained popularity among various surgical specialties. The system is based on the application of negative pressure by controlled suction to the wound surface. The effectiveness of the VAC System on microcirculation and the promotion of granulation tissue proliferation are proved. In our case report we illustrate a scenario were a patient developed severe bleeding from the ascending aorta by penetration of wire fragments in the vessel. We conclude that all free particles in the sternum have to be removed completely before negative pressure is used.
Die Geburt eines Kindes gilt als eines der „major life events“ im Leben eines Menschen. Die Zeit um die Geburt und insbesondere das Wochenbett ist dadurch eine dramatische Umbruchzeit im Leben der Mutter. Etliche Arbeiten konnten belegen, dass diese Zeit, obgleich im soziokulturellen Kontext durchweg positiv besetzt, eine Phase erhöhter psychischer Vulnerabilität im Leben von Frauen ist. Diese Vulnerabilität führt zu einer erhöhten Inzidenz mehrerer psychischer Erkrankungen im Wochenbett. Eine herausragende Rolle nimmt unter diesen die postpartale Depression, umgangssprachlich auch „Wochenbettdepression“ genannt, ein. Mehrere Arbeiten haben ergeben, dass die Prävalenz einer postpartalen Depression um 10% aller Mütter im Wochenbett zu verorten ist. Bezüglich der Ursachen und der Pathogenese der postpartalen Depression gibt es mehrere Hypothesen. So wurden soziodemographische genauso wie neurobiologische Ursachen erforscht. Insgesamt besteht aber immer noch Bedarf an einem umfassenden, integrativen Konzept der Ätiopathogenese postpartaler Depression, dass verschiedene Faktoren zusammen fasst und gewichtet. Insbesondere fehlen bislang Untersuchungen zur Rolle der Persönlichkeit der Mutter bezüglich postpartaler psychischer Vulnerabilität und in der Entstehung postpartaler Depression. Um Erkenntnisse zur Persönlichkeitsstruktur von Müttern im Wochenbett zu gewinnen und den Einfluss von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen auf die Entstehung einer postpartalen Depression zu erkennen, wurde dieser Arbeit das „fünf-Faktoren-Modell“ als allgemein etabliertes dimensionales Persönlichkeitsmodell zugrunde gelegt. Insgesamt wurden N = 130 Mütter im Wochenbett über einen Zeitraum von einem Tag post partum bis sechs Wochen post partum untersucht. Die Persönlichkeitsanalyse nach dem „fünf-Faktoren-Modell“ erfolgte dabei mittels des Persönlichkeitstest NEO-FFI. Depressivität wurde mittels den Depressivitätstest BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) und EPDS (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) gemessen und in klinischen Interviews bestätigt. Daneben wurden die gynäkologisch-geburtshilfliche und die psychosomatische Anamnese der Mütter erhoben und ausgewertet. Insgesamt fand sich bei N = 16 der insgesamt N = 130 untersuchten Müttern eine postpartale Depression. Dies entspricht einem Anteil von 12,3%. Überraschender Weise zeigte sich, dass die untersuchten Mütter in ihrer Gesamtheit bezüglich der Ausprägung der Faktoren des verwendeten Persönlichkeitstests signifikant von der allgemeinen Normierungsstichprobe abweichen. Die Abweichung findet sich in der getrennten Auswertung von postpartal depressiven und gesunden Müttern vor allem in letzterer Gruppe; postpartal depressive Mütter zeigten keine signifikante Abweichung zur Normstichprobe. Im Vergleich beider Gruppen untereinander zeigten sich Unterschiede in der Ausprägung der Persönlichkeitsfaktoren Neurotizismus und Extraversion. Mütter mit postpartaler Depression wiesen im Mittel mehr Neurotizismus und weniger Extraversion auf. Gesteigerter Neurotizismus und verminderte Extraversion sind mehrfach als Vulnerabilitätsfaktor für psychische Erkrankungen, auch affektive Erkrankungen, beschrieben worden. Darüber hinaus zeigten sich auch signifikante Korrelationen beider Faktoren mit der Ausprägung depressiver Symptomatik in den Depressivitätstests BDI und EPDS. Neurotizismus war mit den Punktescores dieser Tests positiv, Extraversion hingegen negativ korreliert. Eine wesentliche Beeinflussung durch die soziale oder gynäkologisch-geburtshilfliche Anamnese ließ sich nicht erkennen. In der Zusammenschau der Ergebnisse stellt sich zunächst die Frage nach der Stabilität der NEO- Faktoren bzw. deren Beeinflussbarkeit durch major life events. Für den praktischen Gebrauch im Wochenbett und die weitere Erforschung des Einflusses von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen auf die Entstehung postpartaler Depression ist zunächst die Normierung des NEO-Fünf-Faktoren-Inventars für Mütter im Wochenbett zu fordern. Die gefundenen Abweichungen in der Ausprägung von Neurotizismus und Extraversion bei postpartaler Depression sowie deren Korrelation mit den Depressivitätstests (BDI und EPDS) zeigen eine –wenn auch unspezifische- Vulnerabilität für postpartale Depression an. Folgende Untersuchungen sollten, auch unter Einbeziehung anderer dimensionaler Persönlichkeitsmodelle, darstellen, in wie weit bestimmte, spezifische Persönlichkeitsmerkmale als prädisponierend für postpartale Depression angesehen werden können.