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Russland und Dadaismus, Russland und Dada – auf den ersten Blick scheint es, als seien dies zwei ganz unvereinbare Dinge, schon deshalb, weil „Dada“ außerordentlich negative, destruktive Energien vertritt, während es im Russischen die zweifache Bestätigung „Ja, ja!“ bedeutet. Man wird zugeben müssen: Dieses Wort passt nicht als „Etikett“ für eine avantgardistische Bewegung oder Strömung in Russland, da es mit einer ganz bestimmten Bedeutung behaftet ist. Es hat allerdings in anderen als der russischen Sprache, vor allem in westeuropäischen Sprachen Wurzeln schlagen können, weil es dort jeglichen Sinnes entbehrte.
In this paper we show an approach to the customization of GermaNet to the German HPSG grammar lexicon developed in the Verbmobil project. GermaNet has a broad coverage of the German base vocabulary and fine-grained semantic classification; while the HPSG grammar lexicon is comparatively small und has a coarse-grained semantic classification. In our approach, we have developed a mapping algorithm to relate the synsets in GermaNet with the semantic sorts in HPSG. The evaluation result shows that this approach is useful for the lexical extension of our deep grammar development to cope with real-world text understanding.
Ein Vordenker, der in der internationalen Diskussion um « cultural translation » so gut wie nie diskutiert wird, ist Antonio Gramsci. Der Philosoph aus Sardinien, von Kindes Tagen an in Zweisprachigkeit (Sardisch-Italienisch) geübt, hat ein feines Sensorium für kulturelle Differenzen ausgebildet. In seinen Gefängnisjahren übersetzt er – als intellektuelles Training – aus dem Russischen und dem Deutschen ins Italienische, und in den Gefängnisheften setzt er sich wiederholt mit dem Begriff der traducibilità (Übersetzbarkeit) auseinander: Übersetzbarkeit von Sprachen, aber auch von Kulturen. Der Artikel geht den Linien nach, die von Gramscis Überlegungen zu der aktuellen Diskussion gezogen werden können, und diskutiert am Ende vergleichend die Positionen Homi K. Bhabhas und Gayatri Spivaks.
Ebenso wie sein Vorbild Martin Scorsese (THE LAST WALTZ, 1978; SHINE A LIGHT, 2008) drehte Fatih Akin mit CROSSING THE BRIDGE: THE SOUND OF ISTANBUL ein Rockumentary, das einen emotionalen Strudel erzeugt und den Zuschauer sehr nah ans Geschehen bringt. Anders aber als Scorsese, der in SHINE A LIGHT den Mythos „Rolling Stones“ feiert und somit sein Publikum sicher hat, begibt sich Akin auf eine Reise ins Unbekannte. Die Musikszene Istanbuls, die er porträtiert, ist für die meisten Europäer Neuland.
Num tempo em que Lewis Hamilton é o primeiro negro a ganhar o compeonato do Mundo de Fórmula 1, sendo também o primeiro a participar; tempo em que Barack Obama se torna Presidente dos Estados Unidos da America, lembro-me novamente do meu avó, do meu pai, das lutas que eles tiveram que travar e deparo-me subitamente com a voz da esperança. Os tempos estão a mudar! É verdade. Não basta apenas falar em mudar as mentalidades, é preciso, isso sim, trabalhar nas mentalidades. E tal é impossivel sem saber de onde vimos. É preciso criar um novo grupo de jovens angolanos que, como um vírus, possam contagiar os demais. É preciso buscar as origens étnicas e culturais. Não quero com isso dizer que se deve criar seres independentes de Angola, mas homens e mulheres capazes de entender que Angola é um estado multi-cultural e multi-étnico; que a sua etnia é a xx, a sua língua a yy, e, deste modo, compreender comportamentos sociais que só se pautam sabendo de onde se vem.
Cracked Actor
(2010)
CRACKED ACTOR ist der bis heute bekannteste Beitrag zu der BBC-Dokumentarfilmreihe OMNIBUS, die von 1967 bis 2003 produziert und gesendet wurde. Der Film, der am 26.1.1975 erstmals ausgestrahlt wurde,zeichnet ein Porträt David Bowies, der auf dem Wege war, zu einem internationalen Star der Rockmusik zu werden. CRACKED ACTOR entstand im August 1974, als Bowie einige Zeit von dem BBC-Redakteur Alan Yentob auf seiner zweiten Diamond-Dogs-Tournee (seiner bereits vierten US-Tournee) durch die Vereinigten Staaten begleitet wurde, der dabei Bowies Arbeitsweise und die Konzeption der Bühnenshows auszuloten und seinen Inspirationsquellen auf die Spur zu kommen suchte.
This paper reports the results of a corpus investigation on case conflicts in German argument free relative constructions. We investigate how corpus frequencies reflect the relative markedness of free relative and correlative constructions, the relative markedness of different case conflict configurations, and the relative markedness of different conflict resolution strategies. Section 1 introduces the conception of markedness as used in Optimality Theory. Section 2 introduces the facts about German free relative clauses, and section 3 presents the results of the corpus study. By and large, markedness and frequency go hand in hand. However, configurations at the highest end of the markedness scale rarely show up in corpus data, and for the configuration at the lowest end we found an unexpected outcome: the more marked structure is preferred.
Von der im Elbe-Weser-Gebiet seltenen Corrigiola litoralis wurden rezente Vorkommen in der Bremer Umgebung am Weserufer zwischen Achim und Verden sowie auf Sandböden in der Weser-Aller-Aue gefunden. Der Rückgang der Art in den letzten 100 Jahren wird durch Funddaten von Herbarbelegen, aus der Literatur sowie aktuellen Kartierungen belegt. Die Standorte von Corrigiola litoralis lassen sich in drei Typen gruppieren: 1) Flußufer, 2) Sandböden in Heiden sowie 3) Schotterflächen auf Bahn- und Industrieanlagen. Es handelt sich um offene Pionierstandorte mit skelettreichen basenarmen und wechselfeuchten Böden. An der Weser kommt Corrigiola zusammen mit Chenopodium rubrum. C. glaucum, Atriplex prostrata und Polygonum lapathifolium ssp. danubiale vor. Diese Artenkombination läßt sich dem Polygono brittingeri-Chenopodietum rubri zuordnen, zu dem an der Weser auch Xanthium albinum gehört.
The aim of this paper is the exploration of an optimality theoretic architecture for syntax that is guided by the concept of "correspondence": syntax is understood as the mechanism of "translating" underlying representations into a surface form. In minimalism, this surface form is called "Phonological Form" (PF). Both semantic and abstract syntactic information are reflected by the surface form. The empirical domain where this architecture is tested are minimal link effects, especially in the case of "wh"-movement. The OT constraints require the surface form to reflect the underlying semantic and syntactic representations as maximally as possible. The means by which underlying relations and properties are encoded are precedence, adjacency, surface morphology and prosodic structure. Information that is not encoded in one of these ways remains unexpressed, and gets lost unless it is recoverable via the context. Different kinds of information are often expressed by the same means. The resulting conflicts are resolved by the relative ranking of the relevant correspondence constraints.
We present an effort for the development of multilingual named entity grammars in a unification-based finite-state formalism (SProUT). Following an extended version of the MUC7 standard, we have developed Named Entity Recognition grammars for German, Chinese, Japanese, French, Spanish, English, and Czech. The grammars recognize person names, organizations, geographical locations, currency, time and date expressions. Subgrammars and gazetteers are shared as much as possible for the grammars of the different languages. Multilingual corpora from the business domain are used for grammar development and evaluation. The annotation format (named entity and other linguistic information) is described. We present an evaluation tool which provides detailed statistics and diagnostics, allows for partial matching of annotations, and supports user-defined mappings between different annotation and grammar output formats.
Cet article étudie la relation entre les grammaires darbres adjoints à composantes multiples avec tuples darbres (TT-MCTAG), un formalisme utilisé en linguistique informatique, et les grammaires à concaténation dintervalles (RCG). Les RCGs sont connues pour décrire exactement la classe PTIME, il a en outre été démontré que les RCGs « simples » sont même équivalentes aux systèmes de réécriture hors-contextes linéaires (LCFRS), en dautres termes, elles sont légèrement sensibles au contexte. TT-MCTAG a été proposé pour modéliser les langages à ordre des mots libre. En général ces langages sont NP-complets. Dans cet article, nous définissons une contrainte additionnelle sur les dérivations autorisées par le formalisme TT-MCTAG. Nous montrons ensuite comment cette forme restreinte de TT-MCTAG peut être convertie en une RCG simple équivalente. Le résultat est intéressant pour des raisons théoriques (puisqu’il montre que la forme restreinte de TT-MCTAG est légèrement sensible au contexte), mais également pour des raisons pratiques (la transformation proposée ici a été utilisée pour implanter un analyseur pour TT-MCTAG).
La distribuzione geografica delle 21 specie di Zygaena e 8 specie di Adscitinae viventi nelle Alpi Liguri è stata analizzata sia nei suoi rapporti col resto della fauna paleartica, sia a livello italiano e ligure. Tale indagine ha consentito di evidenziare l'esistenza di numerosi centri di rifugio e speciazione e di mettere in luce diverse aree di transizione primaria e secondaria intese secondo il senso di Thorpe (1983). Il significato adattativo del cosiddetto melanismo littorale (Burgeff 1950) è discusso in termini di conquista di una nuova nicchia ecologica e di caduta nel valore aposematico.
As far as we are aware, no previous account of any kind regarding the freshwater and subaerial algal flora of Natal has been published, and the present investigation of one hundred different samples thus affords the first available data on this point. ...
The following new species are described from the Maghreb: Tapinocyba algirica n. sp. and Walckenaeria heimbergi n. sp. The unknown male of Minicia elegans and the unknown females of Alioranus pauper, Cherserigone graciipes and Entelecara truncatifrons are described. Tmeticus hipponense is transfered to the genus Gongylidiellum and HybocoptliS ericicola is removed from synonymy with H. corrugis and revalidated. The Maghrebian species of the genera Alioranus, Brachycerasphora, Cherserigone, Didectoprocnemis, Entelecara, Eperigone, Erigone, Gnathonarium, Gonatium, Gongylidiellum, Hybocoptus, Lessertia, Maso, Mierargus, Microetenonyx, Minicia, Monocephalus, Nematogmus, Ostearius, Prinerigone, Styloetetor, Tapinocyba, Triehoncoides and Trichoncus are all revised. As a final paper in a series on the Linyphiidae of the Maghreb, all the remaining genera are reviewed. A total of 169 species of Linyphiidae has currently been recorded in the Maghreb.
1. A preliminary revision of the genus Muntiacus in the Indo-Australian Archipelago Introduction Sexual differences Sexual cycle Characters of age in the dentitions Age differences in skull measurements Age differences of antlers Age differences in coat Systematic part 2. Revision of the genus Arctogalidia in the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Introduction Key to the greges in the genus Arctogalidia Key to the subspecies of the grex A. t. trivirgata Gregal form A. t. trilineata
Es handelt sich hier um die portugiesische Übersetzung einer an der Universität Wien eingereichten Magisterarbeit aus dem Jahr 2004. Die übersetzte Version wurde im Jahr 2006 zudem um einige Inhalte erweitert.
This paper compares two approaches to computational semantics, namely semantic unification in Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars (LTAG) and Lexical Resource Semantics (LRS) in HPSG. There are striking similarities between the frameworks that make them comparable in many respects. We will exemplify the differences and similarities by looking at several phenomena. We will show, first of all, that many intuitions about the mechanisms of semantic computations can be implemented in similar ways in both frameworks. Secondly, we will identify some aspects in which the frameworks intrinsically differ due to more general differences between the approaches to formal grammar adopted by LTAG and HPSG.
After obtaining fresh material of Opatrillus puertoricellis from Puerto Rico a comparison was done with a large series of O. armasi. This latter taxon had been previously compared with Marcuzzi's original description, mainly based on his illustration of male genitalia from Jamaica reckoned to be O. puertoricensis. Genitalia from O. p. puertoricensis (from Puerto Rico) and O. armasi, proved to be quite alike. Also morphological characters of the two populations are not very distinct, offering differentiations better considered under sub specific rather than specific level. Therefore, we propose considering O. armasi Garrido and Gutierrez, 1994, as a subspecies associated with O. puertoricensis Marcuzzi, 1977. Based on the differences shown in the male genitalia of O. armasi and O. puertoricensis from Puerto Rico and Jamaica, we consider that the animals from Jamaica are different from Puerto Rico's (O. puertoricensis), and therefore constitute an undescribed species different from 0. puertoricensis.
Conservativ
(1877)
Als der größte Staatsmann unseres Jahrhunderts, an der Seite seines erhabenen Monarchen, das Werk der Einigung Deutschlands vollbracht und damit das Ziel erreicht hatte, das jedes patriotische Herz ersehnt, das der feurige Jüngling wie der gereifte Mann mit Stolz und Freude begrüßte - da sagte er sich, daß es unmöglich sei, im Augenblicke des Eintretens der neugeschaffenen Verhältnisse, die an so vielem früher Bestandenem gerüttelt, mit den conservativen Elementen zu regieren. ...
Background: Only few authors have analyzed the impact of workplace conflicts and the resulting stress on the risk of developing cardiovascular disorders. The goal of this study was to analyze the association between workplace conflicts and cardiovascular disorders in patients treated by German general practitioners.
Methods: Patients with an initial documentation of a workplace conflict experience between 2005 and 2014 were identified in 699 general practitioner practices (index date). We included only those who were between the ages of 18 and 65 years, had a follow-up time of at least 180 days after the index date, and had not been diagnosed with angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, coronary heart diseases, or stroke prior to the documentation of the workplace mobbing. In total, the study population consisted of 7,374 patients who experienced conflicts and 7,374 controls for analysis. The main outcome measure was the incidence of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and stroke correlated with workplace conflict experiences.
Results: After a maximum of five years of follow-up, 2.9% of individuals who experienced workplace conflict were affected by cardiovascular diseases, while only 1.4% were affected in the control group (p-value <0.001). Workplace conflict was associated with a 1.63-fold increase in the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Finally, the impact of workplace conflict was higher for myocardial infarction (OR=2.03) than for angina pectoris (OR=1.79) and stroke (OR=1.56).
Conclusions: Overall, we found a significant association between workplace conflicts and cardiovascular disorders.
The two papers included in this volume have developed from work with the CHILDES tools and the Media Editor in the two research projects, "Second language acquisition of German by Russian learners", sponsored by the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, from 1998 to 1999 (directed by Ursula Stephany, University of Cologne, and Wolfgang Klein, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen) and "The age factor in the acquisition of German as a second language", sponsored by the German Science Foundation (DFG), Bonn, since 2000 (directed by Ursula Stephany, University of Cologne, and Christine Dimroth, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen). The CHILDES Project has been developed and is being continuously improved at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, under the supervision of Brian MacWhinney. Having used the CHILDES tools for more than ten years for transcribing and analyzing Greek child data there it was no question that I would also use them for research into the acquisition of German as a second language and analyze the big amount of spontaneous speech gathered from two Russian girls with the help of the CLAN programs. When in the spring of 1997, Steven Gillis from the University of Antwerp (in collaboration with Gert Durieux) developed a lexicon-based automatic coding system based on the CLAN program MOR and suitable for coding languages with richer morphologies than English, such as Modern Greek. Coding huge amounts of data then became much quicker and more comfortable so that I decided to adopt this system for German as well. The paper "Working with the CHILDES Tools" is based on two earlier manuscripts which have grown out of my research on Greek child language and the many CHILDES workshops taught in Germany, Greece, Portugal, and Brazil over the years. Its contents have now been adapted to the requirements of research into the acquisition of German as a second language and for use on Windows.
The early acquisition of Greek compounds by two monolingual Greek girls aged between 1;8 and 3;0 years is studied in a usage-based theoretical framework. Special importance is attached to the morphological structure of Greek compound types occurring in child speech and child-directed speech. Greek nominal compound formation does not consist in the mere juxtaposition of words or roots, but involves stems as well as a compound marker. Major questions addressed are the transparency of compounds and productive nominal compound formation. Evidence for productivity of nominal compound formation has been found with only one of the two girls. In contrast to other languages, neoclassical nominal compounds by far exceed endocentric subordinative ones tokenwise in Greek child speech and child-directed speech providing evidence of entrenchment rather than productivity.
In a cross-linguistic comparison it is shown that, in spite of the fact that both Standard Modern Greek and German are rich in nominal compounds, their number is much more limited in Greek than in German child speech. An explanation for this apparent paradox is provided by an onomasiological approach to lexical typology based on a sample list of nominal compounds occurring in German child language and their Greek translational equivalents. It has been found that while use of nominal compounds is common in colloquial German including child-centered situations, it is more typical of Greek formal than colloquial registers.
Tracks and faeces of otter are abundant around the lac du Jaunay (Vendée) but this animal is very fierce and nocturnal. Nevertheless, an otter was observed in very good condition at midday, in June. It was fishing in a small pound near the lake. This note describes the behaviour of this otter.
The work presented here addresses the question of how to determine whether a grammar formalism is powerful enough to describe natural languages. The expressive power of a formalism can be characterized in terms of i) the string languages it generates (weak generative capacity (WGC)) or ii) the tree languages it generates (strong generative capacity (SGC)). The notion of WGC is not enough to determine whether a formalism is adequate for natural languages. We argue that even SGC is problematic since the sets of trees a grammar formalism for natural languages should be able to generate is difficult to determine. The concrete syntactic structures assumed for natural languages depend very much on theoretical stipulations and empirical evidence for syntactic structures is rather hard to obtain. Therefore, for lexicalized formalisms, we propose to consider the ability to generate certain strings together with specific predicate argument dependencies as a criterion for adequacy for natural languages.
Come Hell or High Water
(2010)
„Es würde mehr Spaß machen, mit Saddam Hussein auf der Bühne zu stehen als mit Ian Gillan,“ erklärte Ritchie Blackmore nach seinem zweiten und endgültigen Abschied von Deep Purple im Jahr 1993. Die Spannungen zwischen dem Sänger Gillan und dem Gitarristen Blackmore sorgten immer wieder für Probleme in der Band, förderten gleichzeitig aber auch die Kreativität der Mark II genannten Besetzung Ian Gillan (Gesang), Ritchie Blackmore (Gitarre), Jon Lord (Orgel/Keyboard), Roger Glover (Bass) und Ian Paice (Schlagzeug), die von 1969 bis 1973, 1984 bis 1989 sowie 1992 bis 1993 gemeinsam aktiv war. Insgesamt existierten von der Bandgründung im Jahr 1968 bis heute zehn verschiedene Line-Ups, betitelt mit Mark I bis Mark X. Der größte Erfolg war dabei, gemessen an Platten- und Ticketverkäufen, stets Mark II beschieden. Auch die großen Hits der Band wie Highway Star, Perfect Strangers oder das weltbekannte Smoke On The Water stammen von dieser Besetzung, in anderen Konstellationen war die Gruppe verhältnismäßig unproduktiv.
Prepositional phrase (PP) attachment is one of the major sources for errors in traditional statistical parsers. The reason for that lies in the type of information necessary for resolving structural ambiguities. For parsing, it is assumed that distributional information of parts-of-speech and phrases is sufficient for disambiguation. For PP attachment, in contrast, lexical information is needed. The problem of PP attachment has sparked much interest ever since Hindle and Rooth (1993) formulated the problem in a way that can be easily handled by machine learning approaches: In their approach, PP attachment is reduced to the decision between noun and verb attachment; and the relevant information is reduced to the two possible attachment sites (the noun and the verb) and the preposition of the PP. Brill and Resnik (1994) extended the feature set to the now standard 4-tupel also containing the noun inside the PP. Among many publications on the problem of PP attachment, Volk (2001; 2002) describes the only system for German. He uses a combination of supervised and unsupervised methods. The supervised method is based on the back-off model by Collins and Brooks (1995), the unsupervised part consists of heuristics such as ”If there is a support verb construction present, choose verb attachment”. Volk trains his back-off model on the Negra treebank (Skut et al., 1998) and extracts frequencies for the heuristics from the ”Computerzeitung”. The latter also serves as test data set. Consequently, it is difficult to compare Volk’s results to other results for German, including the results presented here, since not only he uses a combination of supervised and unsupervised learning, but he also performs domain adaptation. Most of the researchers working on PP attachment seem to be satisfied with a PP attachment system; we have found hardly any work on integrating the results of such approaches into actual parsers. The only exceptions are Mehl et al. (1998) and Foth and Menzel (2006), both working with German data. Mehl et al. report a slight improvement of PP attachment from 475 correct PPs out of 681 PPs for the original parser to 481 PPs. Foth and Menzel report an improvement of overall accuracy from 90.7% to 92.2%. Both integrate statistical attachment preferences into a parser. First, we will investigate whether dependency parsing, which generally uses lexical information, shows the same performance on PP attachment as an independent PP attachment classifier does. Then we will investigate an approach that allows the integration of PP attachment information into the output of a parser without having to modify the parser: The results of an independent PP attachment classifier are integrated into the parse of a dependency parser for German in a postprocessing step.
Colour us blood red
(2009)
Im Zuge der neuerlichen Hyperrealisierung des Kinos durch 3D-Technologien zeigt sich wieder einmal, dass Film eben erst in zweiter Hinsicht als ästhetisches Artefakt verstanden wird. Oft wird er als ein Affekt-Spektakel gesehen, das wirken soll. Unter diesen Gedanken ließe sich seine komplette Technikgeschichte subsumieren: Von der Erhöhung der Bildfrequenz von 16 auf 24 Bilder pro Sekunde, über die Einführung von Farbe, Ton, größere Tiefenschärfe, 3D-Optiken und anderen Mitteln zur Überlappung von Film- und Zuschauerraum ist die Stoßrichtung des Films der Körper seines Zuschauers. So ist es zu erklären, dass frühe Stummfilme heute nicht mehr bei den Zuschauern wirken, wie sie es in der Vergangenheit vermochten, wo das Publikum angeblich vor dem stummen und schwarzweißen Abbild eines sich nähernden Zuges geflüchtet sein soll. Die Geschichte stimmt nicht, sie sagt aber viel über unser Verhältnis zum Medium Film und welche Macht wir seiner Ästhetik zusprechen.
A synthesis of the Carabid fauna of the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, from a biogeographical point of view, is presented. Only the Italian side of the Alpine chain is considered, from the basin of the Toce river to the Trieste and Gorizia Karst. Main features of the landscape are: 1. an ancient orogenetic history and evolution, that made this area available to the colonization by carabids, of both gondwanaland and laurasian lineages, since the lower Tertiary; 2. a marked geological and geo-morphological complexity, with highest elevation at Pizzo Bernina m 4.049; 3. the presence of a very developed, dolomitic-calcareous and markedly carsified prealpine belt, rich of deep and large hypogean systems (also at high altitude), which makes this area highly different, from the geo-morphological point of view, from the Western Alps; 4. the geographic position, as a mountain chain of some 750 kms between central Europe and the Padanian plain, connected with the Caravanche and the Dinaric chain and close to the Adriatic sea in me Eastern part; 5. finally, a puzzled climate situation, that includes xero-thermic areas (500-700 mm of rain per year, also in some intra-alpine sectors), close to highly rainy areas - more than 2.500 mm per year - in the westernmost and easternmost parts of the chain. Thus, like in the Western Alps, sub-mediterranean vegetation types, dose to cool-moist forests, coexist with high-altitude environments above the timber line. These facts explain the heterogeneity, the richness, the variety, and the interest of the carabid fauna of the area: the highest number of species (658) ascertained so far, i.e. 112 of the whole Italian carabid fauna and about 115 of the carabid fauna cited so far for the Europe in politic sense, fi·om me Canary islands to the Urals; the high number of euri- or stenoendemites (204, i.e. abour 31 % of the species, 3/5 of which concentrated in the pre-alpine belt), and the complex origins and/or affinities of different taxa. A large number of species (174, i.e. 26%) belongs to European chorotypes (European, South-European or typically Alpine), and even more (255, i.e. 38%) to Holarctic (Holarctic, Palaearccic, West-Palaearctic, Asiatic-European, Siberian-European, Central-Asiatic-European, Central-Asiatic-European-Mediterrancan, Turanic-European, Turanic-EuropeanMediterranean, European-Mediterranean) chorotypes. This darum confirms the well known role, both of connection and separation, that the Alps as a whole played between Europe and the Mediterranean area. Furthermore, it is to be recalled the presence, in some localities of the Eastern Alps, of micro thermophilous, boreal species, like Miscodera arctica, now widespread in Northern regions of the Holarctic Region. Many orophilous, forest-dwelling, riparian and hygrophilolls species, are of northern, north-eastern, ruranic or dinaric-balkanian origin. A very small, bur interesting group of thermophilous elements (mostly Harpalini), originally from the Mediterranean area or temperate steppes, during the hypsothermic periods of the Pleistocene and Olocene, reached the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, and persist in xerothermlc biotopes. Some of these could increase their range of distribution as a consequence human activities in agricultural use overgrazing and deforestation. Some others, like Carabus montivagus and Laemostenus algerinus, seem to be present owing to very recent anthropogenic introduction. From the biogeograpic point of view, however the most important group of species is represented by the impressive number of endemics (204, of which 116 species restricted to politic Italy), either eurendemics to Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, or stenoendemics to single sectors of the area or to very small biotopes (caves, isolated montane massifs): among these, we may cite some large-sized species like Cychrus cylindricollis, endemic at high altitude, to the Central Pre-Alps, several montane, very localized Trechus species, many subterranean, highly specialized Trechini of the peculiar genera Boldoriella, Orotrechus, Anophthalmus, Allegrettia, Italaphaenops, Lessinodytes: many Pterostlchini, and others, Most of them must be considered as pre-Quaternarian elements, With affinltl,es either til Gondwana (such as the blind Reicheina of the genus Alpiodytes), or in the Angarian (as the Broscosoma species) areas, They are, the result of an ancient, subtropical or temperate forest dweller Carabid fauna, tied now to soil: forest littter, superficlal subterranean environment, caves, and upper montane refugia, Both from floristic and faunistic informatlon, It IS a well known fact that the pre-alpine belt as a whole represents a large, unique Pleistocene refugium, that shows a scenario of marked isolation and speciation in mountains, valleys and hypogean compartments. The analysis of the entire Carabid fauna in the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps shows that the present composition and complexity is the result both of ancient clado-vicariance events and of recellt, ecological factors, These facts surprisingly make this area (not only concerning carabids) very close to important towns and to one of the most populated, cultivated and industrialized area of Italy (the Padanian plain), and in spite of its relatively small surface, one of the most important hot spar of biodiversity in Europe, in which many biotopes are presently highly endangered, or in some cases completely destroyed, A checklist of the Carabid species of the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, with their chororypes, is added.
Recent critical discussions of German migrant and post-migrant literature has repeatedly focussed on the phenomenon of the exotic: where some writers seem consciously to exoticise their writing, exaggerating myths about Oriental culture and thus highlighting differences between East and West, perhaps with the aim of making foreigners exciting, likeable or deserving of sympathy, others react against this, rejecting clichés and highlighting continuities, apparently with the aim of making cultural boundaries traversable. Both are understandable strategies tor dealing with displacement. ln this context l should like to adopt a term from quite a different discipline. Bultmanns concept of demythologising. ln theology, demythologising means dissectting the "myth" - the sacred but implausible narrative - to distil from it a kerygmatic truth. If we regard the exotic as being, in this technical sense, the "myth", then it is not entirely devoid of a relationship to reality, but it cannot simply be read as "teal". Thus demythologising is the opposite process to exoticising. Drawing on satirical texts by four Turkish-German writers and cabaretts, this paper looks at ways in which this ethnic minority can use ironic self-depiction to capture and defuse the stereotypes with which it is confronted. Under the rubric "cold turkey", that is, Turkishness without the psychedelics, it shows how the satirists transpose clichés into everyday situations, where they become absurd. The paper’s conclusion is likely to be that hybrid communities are inevitably torn between a desire to highlight demarcation lines (exoticism) and a need to accentuate the potential for assimilation (demythologising). Humour, which in any case has a tendency either to underline or to debunk stereotypes, serves as a highly effective tool for working out this dichotomy, and as all four satirists have successfully reached main-stream German audiences, it would also appear to be a key mechanism in achieving intet-cultural understanding.
Clé de détermination des Coléoptères Lucanides et Scarabéides de Vendée et de l’Ouest de la France
(2002)
It is an identification key of species of beetles called Lucanoideas and Scarabaeoideas already observed in Vendée and in Western France or likely to be found there some day or other. 160 species have been described, often illustrated with maps of their habitats in France.
The subfamily Epiphloeinae is defined to include fourteen genera as follows: Epiphloeus Spinola; Pilosirus, new genus; Plocamocera Spinola; Iontoclerus, new genus; Arenaria, new genus; Ichnea Laporte; Diapromeces, new genus; Pyticeroides Kuwert; Ellipotoma Spinola; J{atamyurus, new genus; Megatrachys, new genus; Madoniella Pic; Hapsidopteris, new genus; and Teutonia, new genus. The following type-species are described: Pilosirus brunoi, new species; Arenaria chiapas, new species; Diapromeces aclydis, new species; Katamyurus paxillus, new species; Megatrachys paniculus, new species; Hapsidopteris diastenus, new species; and Teutonia nova, new species. Elloplium humerale Klug is designated as the typespecies of Iontoclerus. The genus Madolliella is removed from the subfamily Korynetinae andis declared a senior synonym of Phlogistosternus Wolcott. Neiclmea is synonymized with Pyticeroides. This treatise includes a key to the genera of Epiphloeinae, descriptions of the genera and new type-species, and distribution map for each genus.
Ce manuel traite, du point de vue des femmes, des enjeux liés à l’entrée des pays africains dans la société de l’information. Il présente, à l’intention des décideurs et acteurs publics, civils et privés, un plaidoyer sur la prise en compte du genre dans les politiques de TIC pour une société africaine de l’information juste, plurielle et inclusive.
Cidziwiso ca anjo
(2010)
In the course of a long term survey on the effects of grazing on the diversity of alpine grasslands, the false scorpion Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) poeninus Mahnert, 1979 was recorded for the first time outside of Switzerland. The preferred habitat at the locality Alpe Einödsberg (Germany, Bavaria) differs strongly from previous findings. Our data suggest an association with Nardus grasslands (Geo montani-Nardetum), whereas earlier records originated from leaf litter, moss and mouldy trunks. Furthermore, the new records between 1540 m and 1973 m above sea level are the first from the subalpine region of the Alps (hitherto C. poeninus was known from 550 m to 1450 m). In the study region, extensive grazing seems to have a positive effect on the abundance of the species, while it is missing from intensively grazed pastures.
Die Redaktion möchte in Kochia ein Forum für die Publikation von Chromosomenzahlen bieten. Die Beiträge in dieser Reihe sind als eigenständige Publikationen zu betrachten und zu zitieren. Wir folgen im Aufbau bewusst eingeführten und bewährten Reihen wie derjenigen über Chromosomenzahlen mediterraner Pflanzen in „Flora Mediterranea“. Zählungen von Taxa werden beginnend mit dieser Folge durchnummeriert. Die Herausgeber hoffen, mit dieser Reihe die Ermittlung von Chromosomenzahlen an Taxa der heimischen Flora zu fördern und vorhandenes Material publik zu machen.
Forty-two chemicals were tested for their ability to induce cytogenetic change in Chinese hamster ovary cells using assays for chromosome aberrations (ABS) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE). These chemicals were included in the National Toxicology Program's evaluation of the ability of four in vitro short-term genetic toxicity assays to distinguish between rodent carcinogens and noncarcinogens. The conclusions of this comparison are presented in Zeiger et al. [Zeiger E, Haseman JK, Shelby MD, Margolin BH, Tennant RW (1990): [Environ Molec Mutagen 16(Suppl 18): 1-14]. The in vitro cytogenetic testing was conducted at four laboratories, each using a standard protocol to evaluate coded chemicals with and without exogenous metabolic activation. Most chemicals were tested in a single laboratory; however, two chemicals, tribromomethane and p-chloroaniline, were tested at two laboratories as part of an interlaboratory comparison. Four chemicals (CI. basic red 9 HCI, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, oxytetracycline HCI, and rotenone) were tested for SCE in one laboratory and in a different laboratory for ABS. Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate was tested at one laboratory and the chloride form was tested at a different laboratory. Twenty-five of the 42 chemicals tested induced SCE. Sixteen of these also induced ABS; all chemicals that induced ABS also induced SCE. There was approximately 79"10 reproducibility of results in repeat tests, thus, we conclude that this protocol is effective and reproducible in detecting ABS and SCE.
Nachstehend folgt mit Beschreibung der neuen Arten eine Zusammenstellung aller vom herrn EDM. KOVÁCS für das Ungarische National-Museum in den Jahren 1911 und 1912 in Abessynien gesammelten Chloropiden, die in ihrer Gesammtheit geeignet sind, ein Bild von der Reichhaltigkeit der dortigen Fauna zu geben. ...
Pour Eric Joël Békalé, la chasse illustre « le parcours de l’homme sur terre ». Ce parcours vise la réalisation de l’homme véritable. L’homme véritable, se conçoit comme « un être pas comme les autres1 ». A la base, il prend conscience que l’homme est un état qui se construit. Au final il n’a plus rien de commun car il devient « le début et la fin de toute chose». La chasse comme processus de réalisation de l’humain dans sa propriété, est aussi l’opération par laquelle l’homme quête son bonheur par le plaisir, le savoir et le pouvoir. Il doit pour se faire réduire la peur et trouver sa place. Car celui qui a peur n’est pas un homme et celui qui n’est pas un homme se prive l’accès au bonheur. « La chasse est une affaire d'homme. Que celui qui a peur de mourir mange les feuilles de manioc ».
Der folgende Beitrag befaßt sich mit drei verschiedenen, unausgeführt gebliebenen Schloßprojekten, die Charles De Wailly (1730-1798), einer der zu seiner Zeit bekanntesten französischen Architekten, im Auftrag des hessischen Landgrafen Friedrich 11. 1785 angefertigt hat. Es soll damit ein Gegenstand der 1979 in Kassel gezeigten Ausstellung "Aufklärung und Klassizismus in Hessen-Kassel unter Landgraf Friedrich II. 1760-1785" im Detail vorgeführt und analysiert werden. Während die Pläne als sog. Präsentationsrisse in einem Klebeband zusammengefaßt, in Vollständigkeit überliefert sind, können bislang keine schriftlichen Quellen nachgewiesen werden, die die Begleitumstände ihrer Entstehung, wie z.B. die besonderen Wünsche des Bauherrn, näher erläutern. Bedingt durch diese Ausgangssituation konzentrieren sich die methodischen Möglichkeiten, diese Bauzeichnungen kunsthistorisch zu bearbeiten, vor allem auf Fragen nach Typus, Stil und Bedeutung der drei Projekte. Die Beschäftigung mit unausgeführten Idealentwürfen bedarf spätestens seit Josef Pontens 1925 erschienenem Werk "Architektur die nicht gebaut wurde" keiner Rechtfertigung mehr: Längst hat sich die Erkenntnis durchgesetzt, daß solche Idealvorstellungen als künstlerische Inventionen und historische Zeugnisse ebenso aussagekräftig sind wie Werke der übrigen Kunstgattungen. Erst die Synopse von Geplantem und Gebautem führt zu einem umfassenden Verständnis der Architekturgeschichte. Dies gilt ganz besonders für das ausgehende 18. Jahrhundert, dessen architektonisches Schaffen dadurch charakterisiert wird, daß einer extremen Fülle von Projekten eine vergleichsweise verschwindend geringe Zahl von realisierten Bauten gegenübersteht.
In this study, we report the results of a long-term investigation on changes in population size and fledging success of Northern Lapwing on Wangerooge, a German Wadden Sea island. This population is increasing over a period of 34 years in contrast to numerous populations in North-western Europe. The reproductive success however declines over time and also with population density. Both effects cannot be considered separately due to autocorrelation. However, it is noted that the population on Wangerooge is not sustained by local recruitment only. This outcome is even more alarming as coastal areas and islands are considered as rare high quality meadow bird habitats. According to the present results Wangerooge cannot be considered as a source habitat for Northern Lapwings in North-western Germany.
Chalcosicya maya, new species, (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae) is described and the species
key of Blake (1951) is modified to accommodate it. This is the first known mainland species of this previously
Antillean genus. Sclerotized rods in the apical segment of the ovipositor of Chalcosicya Blake and related genera
are shown to be useful systematic characters within the eumolpine tribe Adoxini. Relationships with other genera
suggest that Chalcosicya belongs to a clade derived from ancestors with a western Tethyian distribution.
Bd. 5: Die Abstammung des Menschen und die geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl ; 1, dritte, gänzlich umgearbeitete Auflage, 1875
Bd. 6: Die Abstammung des Menschen und die geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl ; 2, dritte, gänzlich umgearbeitete Auflage, 1875
Bd. 7: Der Ausdruck der Gemüthsbewegungen bei dem Menschen und den Thieren, dritte, sorgfältig durchgesehene Auflage, 1877
Bd. 9,1: Die Bewegungen und Lebensweise der kletternden Pflanzen, 1876
Bd. 9,2: Die verschiedenen Einrichtungen durch welche Orchideen von Insecten befruchtet werden, zweite durchgesehene Auflage, 1877
Bd. 9,3: Die verschiedenen Blüthenformen an Pflanzen der nämlichen Art, 1877
Bd. 10: Die Wirkungen der Kreuz- und Selbst-Befruchtung im Pflanzenreich, 1877
Bd. 11,1: Über den Bau und die Verbreitung der Corallen-Riffe, nach der zweiten, durchgesehenen Ausgabe, 1876
Bd. 11,2: Geologische Beobachtungen über die Vulcanischen Inseln mit kurzen Bemerkungen über die Geologie von Australien und dem Cap der Guten Hoffnung, nach der 2. Ausgabe, 1877
Bd. 12,1: Geologische Beobachtungen über Süd-America angestellt während der Reise des "Beagle" in den Jahren 1832-1836, 1878
Bd. 12,2: Kleinere Geologische Abhandlungen, 1878
Bd. 13: Das Bewegungsvermögen der Pflanzen, 1881
Ob ich mir schon vorgenommen hatte, nichts weiteres von der Bienen-Zucht in Schriften an das Publicum ergehen zu lassen, so haben gleichwohl verschiedene Freunde, denen meine langwierig glücklich geführte Bienen-Zucht bekannt, mich endlich dahin bewogen, gegenwärtigen catechetischen Unterricht abzufassen, und zum Druck zu befördern ...
Octavo et infra...
A three-dimensional gridded climatology of carbon monoxide (CO) has been developed by trajectory mapping of global MOZAIC-IAGOS in situ measurements from commercial aircraft data. CO measurements made during aircraft ascent and descent, comprising nearly 41 200 profiles at 148 airports worldwide from December 2001 to December 2012 are used. Forward and backward trajectories are calculated from meteorological reanalysis data in order to map the CO measurements to other locations, and so to fill in the spatial domain. This domain-filling technique employs 15 800 000 calculated trajectories to map otherwise sparse MOZAIC-IAGOS data into a quasi-global field. The resulting trajectory-mapped CO dataset is archived monthly from 2001–2012 on a grid of 5° longitude × 5° latitude × 1 km altitude, from the surface to 14 km altitude.
The mapping product has been carefully evaluated, by comparing maps constructed using only forward trajectories and using only backward trajectories. The two methods show similar global CO distribution patterns. The magnitude of their differences is most commonly 10 % or less, and found to be less than 30 % for almost all cases. The trajectory-mapped CO dataset has also been validated by comparison profiles for individual airports with those produced by the mapping method when data from that site are excluded. While there are larger differences below 2 km, the two methods agree very well between 2 and 10 km with the magnitude of biases within 20 %.
Maps are also compared with Version 6 data from the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) satellite instrument. While agreement is good in the lowermost troposphere, the MOPITT CO profile shows negative biases of ∼ 20 % between 500 and 300 hPa. These upper troposphere biases are not related to the
mapping procedure, as almost identical differences are found with the original in situ MOZAIC-IAGOS data. The total CO trajectory-mapped MOZAIC-IAGOS climatology column agrees with the MOPITT CO total column within ±5 %, which is consistent with previous reports.
The maps clearly show major regional CO sources such as biomass burning in the central and southern Africa and anthropogenic emissions in eastern China. The dataset shows the seasonal CO cycle over different latitude bands and altitude ranges that are representative of the regions as well as long-term trends over latitude bands. We observe a decline in CO over the Northern Hemisphere extratropics and the tropics consistent with that reported by previous studies.
Similar maps have been made using the concurrent O3 measurements by MOZAICIAGOS, as the global variation of O3–CO correlations can be a useful tool for the evaluation of ozone sources and transport in chemical transport models. We anticipate use of the trajectory-mapped MOZAIC-IAGOS CO dataset as an a priori climatology for satellite retrieval, and for air quality model validation and initialization.
A three-dimensional gridded climatology of carbon monoxide (CO) has been developed by trajectory mapping of global MOZAIC-IAGOS in situ measurements from commercial aircraft data. CO measurements made during aircraft ascent and descent, comprising nearly 41 200 profiles at 148 airports worldwide from December 2001 to December 2012, are used. Forward and backward trajectories are calculated from meteorological reanalysis data in order to map the CO measurements to other locations and so to fill in the spatial domain. This domain-filling technique employs 15 800 000 calculated trajectories to map otherwise sparse MOZAIC-IAGOS data into a quasi-global field. The resulting trajectory-mapped CO data set is archived monthly from 2001 to 2012 on a grid of 5° longitude × 5° latitude × 1 km altitude, from the surface to 14 km altitude.
The mapping product has been carefully evaluated, firstly by comparing maps constructed using only forward trajectories and using only backward trajectories. The two methods show similar global CO distribution patterns. The magnitude of their differences is most commonly 10 % or less and found to be less than 30 % for almost all cases. Secondly, the method has been validated by comparing profiles for individual airports with those produced by the mapping method when data from that site are excluded. While there are larger differences below 2 km, the two methods agree very well between 2 and 10 km with the magnitude of biases within 20 %. Finally, the mapping product is compared with global MOZAIC-IAGOS cruise-level data, which were not included in the trajectory-mapped data set, and with independent data from the NOAA aircraft flask sampling program. The trajectory-mapped MOZAIC-IAGOS CO values show generally good agreement with both independent data sets.
Maps are also compared with version 6 data from the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) satellite instrument. Both data sets clearly show major regional CO sources such as biomass burning in Central and southern Africa and anthropogenic emissions in eastern China. While the maps show similar features and patterns, and relative biases are small in the lowermost troposphere, we find differences of ∼ 20 % in CO volume mixing ratios between 500 and 300 hPa. These upper-tropospheric biases are not related to the mapping procedure, as almost identical differences are found with the original in situ MOZAIC-IAGOS data. The total CO trajectory-mapped MOZAIC-IAGOS column is also higher than the MOPITT CO total column by 12–16 %.
The data set shows the seasonal CO cycle over different latitude bands and altitude ranges as well as long-term trends over different latitude bands. We observe a decline in CO over the northern hemispheric extratropics and the tropics consistent with that reported by previous studies using other data sources.
We anticipate use of the trajectory-mapped MOZAIC-IAGOS CO data set as an a priori climatology for satellite retrieval and for air quality model validation and initialization.
Cannabis ist die am meisten verbreitete illegale Droge in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ebenso in den meisten Ländern Westeuropas und vielen weiteren Ländern weltweit. In den bundesdeutschen Medien kursieren zum Thema Cannabiskonsum "widersprüchliche und kaum nachvollziehbare Angaben" (Pressemitteilung der Deutschen Hauptstelle für Suchtfragen (DHS) vom 28.07.04). Die Fachstelle Prävention setzt sich mit dieser Informationskampagne zum Thema Cannabis für eine faktenorientierte und sachliche Diskussion ein. ...
Die Titel sind alphabetisch nach Stichworten geordnet. Gesamttitel sind in diesem Verzeichnis nicht berücksichtigt; die Werke sind unter den Stichworten der Sondertitel angeführt. Das Erscheinungsjahr ist angegeben, wenn es auf dem Titelblatt verzeichnet oder aus dem Text des Werkes ersichtlich war.
Ein Krieg tobt. Ganz im Verborgenen, aber an Milliarden Fronten gleichzeitig. Eine Schlacht, die seit jeher von den gleichen Parteien geführt wird, die den Angreifer immer erbitterter zuschlagen, den Angegriffenen sich immer verzweifelter wehren lässt. Ein Krieg mit ungleichsten Waffen geschlagen: Die Zeit und das Fleisch gegen die kleinen elektrischen Blitze: das Ich. Seit ich denken kann, kämpfe ich in diesem Krieg: Das Bewusstsein gegen den Körper: Ein ständiger Zustand von Stalingrad! Doch je bewusster ich mir meiner Niederlage werde, desto erbitterter versuche ich sie zu verhindern. Kann ich mein Fleisch bezwingen, oder wird der Zynismus siegen: das was “ichÒ sagt zum fleischlichen sarg dieses ich werden? Ich bin ein kriegsgefangener meines Körpers, der mich jeden abend begnadigt, um mich morgens erneut dem Erschießun gskommando vorzuführen. Damit ist im Großen und Ganzen beschrieben, worum es gehen soll. Mein Bewusstsein verneint die Endlichkeit seiner Hülle, doch diese geht radikal ihrem Ende entgegen – durch nichts aufzuhalten.
Descrição: Os livrinhos nesta série contêm histórias escritas em Cinyungwe com perguntas e quebra-cabeças. A série é para novos leitores de Cinyungwe. O desenho destes livrinhos facilita a reprodução de materiais para aulas de alfabetização.
Descrição: Os livrinhos nesta série contêm histórias escritas em Cinyungwe com perguntas e quebra-cabeças. A série é para novos leitores de Cinyungwe. O desenho destes livrinhos facilita a reprodução de materiais para aulas de alfabetização.
Descrição: Os livrinhos nesta série contêm histórias escritas em Cinyungwe com perguntas e quebra-cabeças. A série é para novos leitores de Cinyungwe. O desenho destes livrinhos facilita a reprodução de materiais para aulas de alfabetização.
Was (…) prädestiniert in besonderer Weise gerade die 'musealen Bestände' und was die Frage ihrer öffentlichen Präsentation oder Repräsentation zum Konfliktfeld übergreifender Auseinandersetzungen? (…) [Auf diese Frage versucht Peter Strohschneider eine Antwort, die auf die These zuläuft,] daß sich die Musealisierung von Schriften und Büchern (…) als paradoxe Bearbeitungsform einer Paradoxie verstehen lasse, welche die Bibliothek grundsätzlicher charakterisiert, insofern sie ein Speicher auch von einstmals hierarchischer Schrift ist. Im Hintergrund steht hierbei die Annahme, es gehöre zu den Momenten des Paradoxen, „daß es zu Situationen der Ununterscheidbarkeit führt, zu Situationen der Oszillation zwischen zwei Polen“ (Elena Esposito: Paradoxien als Unterscheidungen von Unterscheidungen. In: Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht. K. Ludwig Pfeiffer (Hrsg.): Paradoxien. Dissonanzen. Zusammenbrüche. Situationen offener Epistemologie, Frankfurt a.M. 1991. S. 37.): zu Bewegungen also, die sich nicht stillstehen lassen und die daher gerade in institutionellen Übergangsphasen sich anbieten als Medien der Artikulation der Veränderungsprozesse selbst.
In der oberen Mittelradde-Niederung wurden im Jahr 2005 das Ansiedlungsverhalten und der Bruterfolg von Wiesenlimikolen auf konventionell bewirtschafteten und geschützten Flächen mit angepasster Bewirtschaftung untersucht. Das konventionell bewirtschaftete Gebiet umfasste ca. 84 ha, das angrenzende Vertragsnaturschutzgebiet wies eine Fläche von ca. 120 ha auf. Durch wöchentliche Kontrollen wurden in beiden Gebieten zwischen Mitte März und Ende Juli die landwirtschaftliche Bewirtschaftung und die Brutvogelbestände ermittelt. Der Schlupferfolg von Limikolengelegen wurde im Vertragsnaturschutzgebiet durch Gelegekontrollen verifiziert, wobei gefundene Gelege mit Thermologgern ausgestattet wurden. Im konventionell bewirtschafteten Gebiet war eine Nestersuche nicht möglich. Hier sind stattdessen, wie im Vertragsnaturschutzgebiet auch, Küken führende Brutpaare gezählt worden.
Die landwirtschaftliche Bewirtschaftung beider Gebiete unterschied sich grundlegend: Im konventionell bewirtschafteten Kontrollgebiet wurden im Zeitraum Ende März/Anfang April alle Grünlandflächen gewalzt oder geschleppt, einige danach zusätzlich mit Gülle gedüngt. Im Vertragsnaturschutzgebiet erfolgte im Frühjahr keine maschinelle Bearbeitung der Grünländer. Fast alle Grünlandflächen wurden zunächst gemäht: Während im Kontrollgebiet ab dem 10.05. mit der Mahd begonnen wurde, erfolgte der erste Grasschnitt im Vertragsnaturschutzgebiet Ende Juni. Aufgrund des strukturellen Wandels in der Landwirtschaft sind im Kontrollgebiet viele Grünländer in Ackerflächen umgewandelt worden. Die feuchteren Ackerflächen wurden vor allem mit Sommergetreide und Mais bestellt, wobei die Einsaat in der zweiten Aprilhälfte erfolgte. Im Vertragsnaturschutzgebiet fehlten bewirtschaftete Ackerflächen völlig. Im Vertragsnaturschutzgebiet wurden 20 Kiebitzgelege gefunden, die von insgesamt 22 Brutpaaren stammten. Die Schlupfrate der Gelege lag bei 66 %. Gelegeverluste wurden fast ausnahmslos durch nachaktive Prädatoren verursacht.
Der Schlupf der Kiebitzgelege begann Ende April mit einem Höhepunkt in der ersten Maiwoche. Zu dieser Zeit wurden auch die meisten Küken führenden Kiebitzpaare beobachtet. Im konventionell bewirtschafteten Kontrollgebiet erfolgte im Laufe des Aprils zunächst eine auffällige Verlagerung der Kiebitzreviere. Wurden Anfang April noch etwa die Hälfte aller Paare auf Grünland angetroffen, so siedelten Anfang Mai fast alle Kiebitze auf frisch eingesäten Getreide- und Maisäckern. Der Schlupf der Kiebitzgelege setzte hier etwa 3-4 Wochen später ein als im Vertragsnaturschutzgebiet. Dies bedeutet, dass fast alle im Kontrollgebiet siedelnden Kiebitze ihre Erstgelege verloren haben müssen, vermutlich ganz überwiegend durch landwirtschaftliche Einflüsse. Dennoch lag der Reproduktionserfolg des Kiebitzes im Kontrollgebiet höher als im Vertragsnaturschutzgebiet (0,8 vs. 0,4 Küken pro Brutpaar). Auch Uferschnepfe und Großer Brachvogel siedelten in wenigen Paaren in beiden Gebieten. Schlupf- und Bruterfolge stellten sich bei ihnen ausschließlich auf Vertragsnaturschutzflächen ein.
In 1983, Brian Henderson published an article that examined various types of narrative structure in film, including flashbacks and flashforwards. After analyzing a whole spectrum of techniques capable of effecting a transition between past and present – blurs, fades, dissolves, and so on – he concluded: "Our discussions indicate that cinema has not (yet) developed the complexity of tense structures found in literary works". His "yet" (in parentheses) was an instance of laudable caution, as very soon – in some ten–fifteen years – the situation would change drastically, and temporal twists would become a trademark of a new genre that has not (yet) acquired a standardized name: "modular narratives", "puzzle films", and "complex films" are among the labels used.
Brehms Tierleben : allgemeine Kunde des Tierreichs, Bd. 9: Die Insekten, Tausendfüßer und Spinnen
(1892)
Bei Bearbeitung der ersten Auflage von "Brehms Tierleben" war ich bestrebt gewesen, möglichst viele Tiere aus der mir übertragenen Abteilung zur Sprache zu bringen, um einigermaßen die Vollständigkeit der vorangegangenen Bände zu erreichen. Mit der Zeit jedoch gelangte ich zu der Überzeugung, daß dies vorgestreckte Ziel bei dem mir zugemessenem Raume nicht zu erreichen und eine wesentliche Einschränkung in der Auswahl des Stoffes notwendig sein werde. Dieser Umstand veranlaßte eine Ungleichmäßigkeit in der Behandlung, welche selbstredend nicht beabsichtigt war. ...
Black-tailed Godwits (Limosa limosa) have been declining for decades in The Netherlands and so far this has not been slowed by conservation measures. A new form of agri-environment scheme was tried out in 2003-2005 at 6 sites where a ‘grassland mosaic’ (200-300 ha) was created by collectives of farmers through a diverse use of fields including postponed and staggered mowing, (early) grazing, creating ‘refuge strips’ during mowing, and active nest protection. We measured breeding success of godwits in each of the experimental sites and nearby, paired controls. Breeding success was higher (0.28 chicks fledged / pair) in mosaics than in controls, but due to lower agricultural nest losses only. Chick survival was 11 % in both mosaics and controls. The amount of late-mown and other grassland suitable for chicks hardly differed between treatments during the fledging period, mainly due to rainfall delaying postponed mowing in all sites. Chick survival was however positively correlated with site variation in the amount of high grass (>18 cm). Breeding success was high enough to compensate for adult mortality (ca. 0.6) in only one mosaic site. Chick survival was lower than in previous Godwit studies, indicating that additional loss factors have increased. Predation (50-80 % of chicks, mostly by birds) is a candidate, but changes in the suitability of late-mown grassland (insect abundance and sward density in grass monocultures) may also play a role. Consequently a higher management investment is needed to achieve a self-sustaining population.
Liebesbriefe sind im 20. Jahrhundert vieles: Brautbriefe oder Zettelchen, Berichte aus dem Alltag von Schülern, aber auch Soldatenbriefe, E-Mail-Korrespondenzen im Internet, Flirtbotschaften als Mail oder SMS. Sprachgeschichte als eine Geschichte des Kommunizierens, eine Geschichte der Texte beschreibt Veränderung oder Erneuerung. Sogar das vermeintlich vertraute 20. Jahrhundert, meist wahrgenommen als das Jahrhundert der Gegenwartssprache, zeigt sich in der historischen Perspektive und mit Blick auf die Texte in einem neuen Licht und in einer Vielfalt, die über das Bekannte und Vertraute hinausgeht. ...
Maschinelles Lernen wird häufig zur effzienten Annotation großer Datenmengen eingesetzt. Die Forschung zu maschinellen Lernverfahren beschränkt sich i.a. darauf unterschiedliche Lernverfahren zu vergelichen oder die optimale größe der Trainingsdaten zu bestimmen. Bisher wurde jedoch nicht untersucht, in wie weit sich linguistisches Wissen bei der Aufgabendefinition positiv auswirken kann. Dies soll hier anhand des Lernens von Base-Nominalphrasen mit drei unterschiedlichen Definitionen untersucht werden. Die Definitionen unterscheiden sich im Grad der linguistisch motivierten Erweiterungen, die zu einer eher praktisch motivierten ersten Definition hinzu kamen. Die Untersuchungen ergaben, dass sich die Anzahl der falsch klasssifizierten Wörter um ein Drittel reduzieren lässt.