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Vegetation patterns of floodplain forests are highly variable across different habitats in European regions. Their plant communities have been well described from the phytosociological point of view, but plant species richness and composition patterns and their underlying environmental factors are still insufficiently known. Sixty-one vegetation plots of black alder-dominated floodplain forests were sampled in central Slovakia in order to find main environmental predictors affecting floristic diversity of their vegetation. For each vegetation plot with a constant size (400m2), vascular plant species and a set of topographic, climatic, soil physical and chemical characteristics were recorded. A generalized linear model was applied to explain relevance of environmental factors on changes of species richness, whereas the relationship between species composition and explanatory variables was tested using ordination methods. Main gradients of species compositional variation were soil moisture, light, elevation and soil chemistry-related variables. Vascular species richness of plots varied between 19 and 59 (mean 38). Herb-layer species richness was positively related to the soil pH, stream power index and negatively to the concentration of soil iron. These linear trends were accompanied by a hump-shaped response to sand content and a U-shaped response to elevation.
Despite the high significance of the Western Siberian grain belt for crop production in Russia, its weed communities are largely unknown. In this region spring wheat is grown on fertile Chernozem soils with large field sizes but land-use intensity per area is low compared to Central Europe. By using a randomized sampling design we studied arable weed assemblages in the northern forest-steppe zone of Tyumen region on 99 within-field sampling plots of 100 m² size. Surprisingly, with average of 9.8 ± 3.8 species 100 m-2 species richness was low when compared with low-input farming in Central Europe and did not differ between areas of different land-use intensity. Against expectations species composition was not predominantly controlled by soil characteristics and climate, most likely due to short natural gradients. Instead, management factors such as fertilization and tillage intensity seemed to be important factors. Except for two species the Tyumen weed flora consisted mainly of species that are widespread throughout the temperate zone. We found only 10 species with an origin or core area in North Asia or Eastern Europe. The species pool was generally small and with 26% the proportion of non-native species (archaeophytes) was low, when compared to Central European weed communities. Given that weed communities with higher species richness are described from neighboring Bashkiria, we conclude that arable land-use intensity in Tyumen region is high enough to reduce community species richness within arable fields estimated by a randomized sampling design. Since measured soil nutrient values did not affect species richness, herbicide use is most likely the crucial management factor. Furthermore, species-richness was vitally restricted by the small species pool. The low proportion of thermophilous arable weed species that originate from the Mediterranean or Middle-Eastern area and contribute signif-icantly to the Central European weed diversity indicate that climatic dispersal limitations may be re-sponsible for the small number of weed species in the Tyumen flora. An additional constraint was the short history of arable farming in Western Siberia, where considerable arable land use was started only by the end of the 17th century.
The intensification of agricultural practices has led to a severe decrease in grassland biodiversity. Although there is strong evidence that organic farming can reduce the negative impacts of land use, knowledge regarding the most beneficial management system for species richness on organic grasslands is still scarce. This study examines differences in the biodiversity of plants and butterflies on rotationally and continuously grazed pastures as well as on meadows cut twice per year on two large organic suckler cow farms in NE Germany. Vegetation and flower abundance, as factors likely to influence butterfly abundance and diversity, were compared and used to explain the differences. The data attained by vegetation assessments and monthly transect inspections from May to August were analyzed using descriptive statistics and nonparametric methods. The abiotic site conditions of the studied plots had more influence on plant species numbers than the management method. Dry and nutrient-poor areas (mainly poor types of Cynosurion) and undrained wet fens (Calthion) were important for phytodiversity, measured by the absolute number of species, indicator species for ecologically valuable grasslands and the Shannon Index. Meadows tended to have more indicator species than pastures, where small-scale special sites such as wet depressions were crucial for plant diversity. Butterfly diversity was very low, and 90% of the recorded butterflies were individuals of the generalist species Pieris napi. Butterfly abundance depended mainly on occurrence of specific habitat types and specific larval host plants. Supply of flowers was crucial only in certain time periods. Differences in butterfly abundance between the management systems could be explained by the site conditions of the studied grasslands. We conclude that meadows are more favorable to support ecologically valuable plant species; however, their extension is contradictory to the organic farming method of suckler cows maintained outside of stables. Rotationally grazed pastures could be a compromise that would enhance the temporal heterogeneity of flower abundance and vegetation structure. The plant diversity on pastures should be improved by less intensive grazing on special sites and plant species enrichment by means of hay transfer. For enhancing butterfly diversity we suggest to reduce land use intensity especially on poor soils. Considering the economic perspective of the farms, small parts of the agricultural area could be sufficient if connectivity to other suitable habitats is assured. Flower abundance and diversity of larval host plants could be promoted by high diversity of farming practices as well as pre-serving small uncut strips of meadows.
Central European dry grasslands are remarkably diverse plant communities that occur at the western edge of the Eurasian forest-steppe zone and harbour many species of continental distribution. Although their plant community types have been described in detail, the diversity patterns and their environmental determinants are still poorly known for these grasslands. Here, we study environmental drivers of species composition and richness in dry grasslands of northern Bohemia (České středohoří Mts) and central Bohemia (Křivoklát region), both in the Czech Republic. In vegetation plots of 100 m2 we recorded all vascular plant species, measured soil chemistry variables, above-ground biomass production and nutrient concentrations in biomass. Species richness in these plots ranged from 13 to 55. The relationships between species composition and the environment were explored using detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis, while the relationships between species richness and the environment were assessed using univariate and multiple regression models. In both regions, species composition and richness strongly responded to the soil pH (ranging from 4.0 to 7.8), which was positively correlated with calcium and magnesium concentrations and negatively with annual precipitation. The response of species richness to soil pH was unimodal with a peak at pH of about 6.5 in the České středohoří Mts, and positive in the Křivoklát region. Plots on soils with a pH higher than 5 consistently contained more than 35 species. In the České středohoří Mts, species richness was positively related to the aboveground biomass production, whereas in the Křivoklát region, this relationship was only significant for graminoid species. In both areas, plots with soils deeper than 20 cm and with aboveground biomass dry weight above 200 g/m2 harboured more than 40 species per 100 m2. Moreover, in the České středohoří Mts, nitrogen concentrations in the biomass had considerable effects on both species composition and richness: species numbers were lower at sites with higher nitrogen concentration. This indicates a threat to diversity of these dry grasslands under currently high atmospheric nitrogen deposition coupled with the absence of management at most of the studied sites.
In der vorliegenden Studie wird aufbauend auf 54 pflanzensoziologischen Aufnahmen eine ökologische und syntaxonomische Gliederung der Heidenelken-reichen, bodensauren Magerrasen der Medebacher Bucht (Ostrand des Rheinischen Schiefergebirges) vorgenommen. Die Aufnahmen werden dem Thymo pulegioidis-Festucetum ovinae Oberd. 1957, einem artenreichen, mesophilen Silikat-Magerrasen mit einer lückigen Feldschicht zugeordnet. Bei den Lebensformen überwiegen Hemikryptophyten und Therophyten. Dominante Strategietypen sind Arten mit intermediärer Strategie (CSR), Konkurrenz- und Ruderal-Strategen. Das Thymo-Festucetum kann in zwei floristisch-soziologisch und ökologisch deutlich getrennte Subassoziationen untergliedert werden. Die entscheidenden Standortfaktoren für diese Unterteilung sind die Bodenfeuchte und Nutzung. Die frischeren Standorte der Subassoziation von Achillea millefolium werden meist beweidet oder einschürig gemäht. Besiedelt werden ebene bis kaum geneigte flachgründige Braunerden. Die kryptogamenreichen Bestände der Subassoziation von Viola arvensis siedeln auf Skeletthumusböden oft stark geneigter Hänge und liegen brach. Das Thymo-Festucetum ist meist mosaikartig mit anderen Gesellschaften verzahnt. Auf frischeren und nährstoffreicheren Standorten wird die Subassoziation von Achillea millefolium durch Gesellschaften des Wirtschaftsgrünlandes abgelöst. Die Subassoziation von Viola arvensis steht in Kontakt zu Gesellschaften der Calluno-Ulicetea. Gegenüber den Ausbildungen auf Lockersubstraten im Tiefland fehlen dem Thymo-Festucetum auf Festgestein in den Mittelgebirgen eigene Höhen-Differenzialarten. Der ökologisch wirksamste edaphische Unterschied scheint die größere Dynamik mit teilweiser Übersan- dung der Pflanzen auf den Sandstandorten im Tiefland zu sein. Zur Pflege der Bestände der Achillea millefolium-Subassoziation des Thymo-Festucetum in der Medebacher Bucht ist eine extensive Beweidung die optimale Pflegemaßnahme. Die bevorzugte Form der Nutzung sollte die Hütehaltung mit Schafen und einzelnen Ziegen sein. Für die Bestände der Viola arvensis-Subassoziation erscheint keine regelmäßige Nutzung notwendig. Vielmehr sind unregelmäßige Störungen anzustreben.
Der neuentwickelte „Klassencharakterarten-Verteilungsindex“ (VIKC) drückt mit einem einzigen Zahlenwert aus, wie breit in einer Pflanzengesellschaft auftretende Klassencharakterarten über verschiedene Klassen streuen. Sind in einer Pflanzengesellschaft Charakterarten nur einer Klasse vorhanden, so ergibt sich ein VIKC von 1. Der theoretisch höchste Wert entspricht der Anzahl der Klassen des betreffenden syntaxonomischen Systems. Ein VIKC unter ca. 1,7 drückt die eindeutige Zugehörigkeit der betreffenden Pflanzengesellschaft zu einer bestimmten Klasse sowie i. a. die volle Wirksamkeit eines bestimmten ökologischen Faktors aus. Höhere Indizes können eine intermediäre syntaxonomische, syndynamische oder standörtliche Position einer Pflanzengesellschaft bezeichnen. In jedem Fall stellt der VIKC eine formale Kenngröße einer Pflanzengesellschaft dar.