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El propósito de este ensayo es recorrer algunos de los secretos hilos que sitúan a Kant y a Adorno de un mismo lado en la pugna filosófica contemporánea. En el ensayo se trata de hacer patente cómo la “utopía de conocimiento” para Adorno supone, en el fondo, una reactualización de la idea de Kant de que las intuiciones sin conceptos son ciegas y los conceptos sin intuiciones son vacíos. Ello implica que tanto Kant como Adorno pretenden hallar un difícil equilibrio al mismo tiempo entre una objetividad que no olvide el papel activo del sujeto y una subjetividad que no agote en sí, al modo idealista postkantiano, la realidad del objeto.
19. yüzyılda misyoner, oryantalist, asker, yönetici ve araştırmacılar olmak üzere farklı meslek gruplarından birçok Avrupalı, Osmanlı topraklarını dolaşarak arkalarında seyahat kitapları bırakmışlardır. Klasik bilimsel çalışmaların aksine alternatif bir araştırma modeli olarak kabul edilebilecek olan seyahat yazını bir anlatı türü olarak sosyal bilimlerin farklı disiplinleri için oldukça sübjektif verilere dayansa da yoğun ve zengin bir bilimsel materyal sunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda bir Alman oryantalist ve seyyah olan Eduard Sachau (1845-1930) Osmanlı toprakları içerisinde 1879'da başlayarak yaklaşık altı ay süren bir seyahat gerçekleştirmiş ve seyahat notlarını "Reise in Syrien und Mesopotamien" ("Suriye ve Mezopotamya Seyahati") adıyla 1883 yılında Almanya'da kitap olarak yayımlamıştır. Aslında bir filolog olan Sachau, tıpkı bir sosyolog, antropolog ve arkeolog gibi dolaşarak Osmanlı taşrasında yaşayan Arap, Kürt, Türk, Nasturi, Yakubi ve Yezidiler hakkında önemli bilgiler sunmuştur. Bu çalışma, bir bilim insanı olarak Sachau'nun seyahatinin oryantalist bilgi üretim süreci olduğunu iddia etmekte ve onun süreçte bu topladığı bilgiyi farklı yollarla akademik metinlere transfer ettiğini öne sürmektedir.
Geçmişten Günümüze Almanca Öğretmenliği Lisans Programlarına İlişkin Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma
(2020)
Bu çalışmada amaç, geçmişten günümüze kadar Almanca öğretmenliği için hazırlanan lisans eğitimi programlarının oluşturulma gerekçelerinin incelenmesi ve güncel gerekliliklerin programlara yansıma biçimlerinin ortaya konulmasıdır. Bu amaç kapsamında, geçmişten günümüze kadar kullanılan Almanca öğretmenliği lisans programlarında alan ve alan öğretimi dersleri incelenmektedir. Elde edilen bulgulara bağlı olarak uygulayıcılara ve program geliştiricilere öneriler sunulmuştur. Bu kapsamda, Almanca öğretmenliği alan ve alan öğretimi dersleri doküman analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Almanca öğretmenliği programını diğer branşlardan ayıranın alan ve alan öğretimi dersleri olduğundan dolayı, incelemeye bu dersler esas alınmıştır. Çalışmada, 1998-1999, 2006-2007 ve 2018 -2019 yılları Almanca öğretmenliği lisans programları incelenmiştir. İçerik analizi yöntemiyle alan ve alan öğretimi dersleri konularına göre kategorilere ayrılmış, genel program içerisinde dağılımları, teorik ve uygulama ders saatleri ve kredi sayısı incelenmiştir. Derslerin alan ve alan öğretimi başlıklarına ayrılmasında, ders içerikleri göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. Sınıflamada, Temel Dil Becerileri, Dilbilgisi, Çeviri Bilim, Dilbilim, Edebiyat Bilim, Ülke Bilgisi, Kültür Bilim ve Yabancı Dil Öğretimi ölçüt olarak alınmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular tablolar halinde sunulmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular göstermektedir ki, yıllara bağlı olarak alan öğretimi derslerinin sayısında bir düşüş, pedagojik derslerin sayısında bir artış olmuştur. Bununla birlikte uygulama ders saati alan derslerinde sıfıra inmiştir. Temel Dil Becerileri ve Edebiyat Bilimi altında yer alan derslerin ders saatlerinde bir düşüşün olduğu görülmektedir. Alan ve alan öğretimi dersleri arasında temel dil becerilerinin öğretimine yönelik olan derslerin ders sayı ve saatlerinin arttırılması ve dil öğretiminde esas olan uygulama becerisinin gelişimi olduğu için uygulama saatlerinin eklenmesi önerilmektedir. 2018-2019 eğitim programının bu konularda geliştirilmesi gerektiği de anlaşılmaktadır.
Este artigo aborda criticamente alguns conceitos referentes ao vínculo entre racionalidade, abstração e poder, tomados em contraste com a noção de mímesis, tal como Adorno e Horkheimer concebem na Dialética do esclarecimento. Partindo da diferenciação de quatro conceitos de esclarecimento, procuramos demonstrar o caráter inadequado da equalização entre esclarecimento e exercício violento e ideológico do poder, mostrando como o conceito de abstração, que nos parece servir de base para o primeiro capítulo daquela obra, permite delinear melhor a cisão entre as formas de conhecimento miméticas e as que lhe sucederam, tomando como ponto de partida a concepção mítica grega arcaica.
Background: The Indonesian region of Aceh was the area most severely affected by the earthquake and tsunami of 26 December 2004. Department of Health data reveal an upward trend of dengue cases in Aceh since the events of the tsunami. Despite the increasing incidence of dengue in the region, there is limited understanding of dengue among the general population of Aceh. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding dengue among the people of Aceh, Indonesia in order to design intervention strategies for an effective dengue prevention program.
Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Aceh between November 2014 and March 2015 with a total of 609 participants living in seven regencies and two municipalities. Information on the socio-demographic characteristics of participants and their KAP regarding dengue was collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The KAP status (good vs. poor) of participants with different socio-demographic characteristics was compared using Chi Square-test, ANOVA or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of each KAP domain.
Results: We found that 45% of participants had good knowledge regarding dengue and only 32% had good attitudes and good dengue preventive practices. There was a significant positive correlation between knowledge and attitudes, knowledge and practice, and attitudes and practice. In addition, people who had good knowledge were 2.7 times more likely to have good attitudes, and people who had good attitudes were 2.2 times more likely to have good practices regarding dengue. The level of education, occupation, marital status, monthly income, socioeconomic status (SES) and living in the city were associated with the knowledge level. Occupation, SES, and having experienced dengue fever were associated with attitudes. Education, occupation, SES and type of residence were associated with preventive practices.
Conclusion: Our study suggests that dengue prevention programs are required to increase KAP levels regarding dengue in the communities of Aceh.
Background: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitudes towards pregnancy-related issues of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection among general practitioners (GPs), a frontline healthcare worker group, in Indonesia.
Methods: A cross-sectional, online survey assessing knowledge and attitudes towards ZIKV infection on multiple-item scales was sent to GPs in the Sumatra and Java islands of Indonesia. The associations between independent factors and either knowledge or attitude were assessed with logistic regressions. The correlation and association between knowledge and attitude were estimated.
Results: We included 457 (53.7%) out of 850 responses in the analysis. Among these, 304 (66.5%) and 111 (24.2%) respondents had a good knowledge and attitude, respectively. No demographic, workplace, professional development, or experiential characteristics related to ZIKV infection were associated with knowledge. In the multivariate analysis, only contact experience was associated with attitude. There was a significant, positive correlation between knowledge and attitude scores.
Conclusions: Although knowledge of pregnancy-related complications of ZIKV infection is relatively high among GPs in Indonesia, more than 75% of them had a poor attitude towards pregnancy-related issues of Zika. Strategies for enhancing the capacity of GPs to develop positive attitudes and respond to ZIKV infection are needed.
A different take on knowledge, history, and totalization is presented in Jamila Mascat's essay 'Hegel and the Ad-venture of the Totality', which aims at exploring the controversial notion of the Hegelian totality. Countering Louis Althusser's critique of Hegel's 'expressive totality', where every part is thought to expresses the whole, it proposes to consider such a speculative figure as a temporalizing instance situated at the entanglement of Knowing and History. Firstly, it illustrates the paradoxical inclination of Hegel's totality to being both complete and a never-ending task. Secondly, it analyses the accomplishment of totality at the peak of the Science of Logic, focusing on the temporal circularity of the Concept ('Begriff'). Thirdly, drawing on the readings of Alexandre Koyré, Alexandre Kojève, and Jean Hyppolite, the essay illustrates the peculiar relation between becoming and eternity that is located at the heart of Hegel's conception of time. Finally, it approaches the last section of the "Phenomenology of Spirit" devoted to Absolute Knowing in order to highlight the twofold movement of seizure ('Begreifen') and release ('Entlassen') that characterizes the activity of the Spirit and that is constitutive of the contingent ad-venture of the totality as a philosophical achievement. In other words, it is by embracing contingency as its limit that Absolute Knowing reaffirms the status of its absoluteness precisely because of its capacity to sacrifice itself and let it go. Critically engaging with Catherine Malabou's reading of plasticity in Hegel, Mascat highlights that Absolute Knowing is a process of totalization that entails cuts and interruptions. The essay shows that the Hegelian totality may be interpreted and actualized as a theoretical construct densely charged with temporal and historical implications: on the one hand, totality expresses a timely standpoint for thought - the standpoint of Hegel's age, which is, as claimed by the philosopher at the end of his "Lectures on the History of Philosophy", 'for the time being completed', as well as the standpoint of the present time to be speculatively accomplished; on the other hand, Hegel's idea of a speculative totalization sets for the philosophies yet to come the never-ending task of constituting and re-constituting wholes.
Background: Hepatitis B (HepB) is a major public health concern in Malaysia yet little is known about knowledge and awareness of this infection in the country. Such information is essential for designing effective intervention strategies for HepB prevention and control. The aim of this study was to characterize knowledge and awareness regarding HepB in Malaysia and to identify their associated sociodemographic determinants.
Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between January and May 2016 in Selangor state of Malaysia. A two-stage cluster random sampling design was used and one adult member of selected households was interviewed face-to-face. Logistic regression was used to estimate the differences in knowledge and awareness between groups.
Results: A total of 764 households completed the interviews and were included in the final analysis. Only 36.9 and 38.8% of the participants had good knowledge and awareness, respectively. The factors associated with good knowledge were being in the 35–44 year age group, Malay ethnicity, high educational attainment and high family income. Being Chinese, being older and having high educational attainment were determinants of having good awareness towards HepB. Participants who had good knowledge were 2.5 times more likely to also have good awareness (OR: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.78–3.26, p < 0.001).
Conclusions: This study reveals a low level of knowledge and awareness of HepB among households in Malaysia. This finding highlights the need to improve public knowledge and awareness through well-designed programs targeting vulnerable groups in order to reduce hepatitis B virus transmission and achieve the governmental target of eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health concern by 2030.
Having a gatekeeper position in a collaborative network offers firms great potential to gain competitive advantages. However, it is not well understood what kind of collaborations are associated with such a position. Conceptually grounded in social network theory, this study draws on the resource-based view and the relational factors view to investigate which types of collaboration characterize firms that are in a gatekeeper position, which ultimately could improve firm performance in subsequent periods. The empirical analysis utilizes a unique longitudinal data set to examine dynamic network formation. We used a data crawling approach to reconstruct collaboration networks among the 500 largest companies in Germany over nine years and matched these networks with performance data. The results indicate that firms in gatekeeper positions often engage in medium-intensity collaborations and less likely weak-intensity collaborations. Strong-intensity collaborations are not related to the likelihood of being a gatekeeper. Our study further reveals that a firm's knowledge base is an important moderator and that this knowledge base can increase the benefits of having a gatekeeper position in terms of firm performance.
Im Buch "Arthur Schopenhauer als Interpret des Götheʼschen Faust" (Leipzig 1859) erhebt David Asher den ersten Teil des Dramas zum Prüfstein der Schopenhauer’schen Philosophie. Zugleich aber sieht er den "überwiegenden philosophischen Charakter" der Dichtung nicht der idealen Dialektik Hegels, sondern dem voluntativen Irrationalismus dessen Antipoden Schopenhauer entwachsen. Diese Einsicht kam einem Paradigmenwechsel gleich, bedenkt man, dass der Gedankenaustausch zwischen Schopenhauer und Goethe mit einem pseudoödipalen Fiasko endete.